Did Homers Trojan War Exist - 1753 Words

The Trojan War, the event depicted in Homers Iliad, was the most popular subject in Greek drama and told its story elaborately to next generations. According to Homer, the war started because Helen, the most beautiful Greek woman and wife of a Greek king, Menelaus, decided to leave her husband and ran away with a Trojan Prince, Paris. This angered the Greeks so they sailed to Troy and fought for Helens return. As the war continued on, the Greeks were forced to plan a new strategy to attack Troy since the city had very strong walls and the Greeks began to realize they were unable to defeat the Trojans. The plan was to build a huge, hollow, wooden horse that was filled with Greeks soldiers. It led the Trojans to believe that the horse was†¦show more content†¦This type of well-built walls should be the same as the one described in the Iliad as very strong and could not easily be destroyed by the Greeks. This, according to Homer, was the reason why the Greeks had to come up wit h the wooden horse plan in order to defeat The Trojan. Therefore, it proves that Homers story could possibly be true. In addition to the city ruins, ancient artifacts such as weapons and armor, Hittite clay tablets, and ancient pottery could also be evidence to prove the existence of Troy and The Trojan War. Weapons and armor believed to be from the Bronze Age, the time when the Trojan War occur, have been discovered at Greece and during the excavation of Troy VI and Troy Vlla. Moreover, an arrowhead believed to be used by an invader was found west of the main street in Troy. Also, a vase, approximately 3200 years old, showing Mycenaean warriors who with helmets like the ones described in Homers Iliad was discovered. There is also evidence of a great deal of sling bullets. This implies that the city was defeated by an attacker for those who have successfully defended their city would have gathered the sling bullets and put them away, but a defeater would have done nothing with them. As for the ancient pottery found in Troy VI, it was beautiful Mycenaean pottery which is an indicator that trade between trade between Troy and Mycenae had taken place. On the other hand, no imported pots were discovered in the artifactsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Homer s Iliad, Heroism801 Words   |  4 Pages​In Homer’s Iliad, heroism plays a major role in the two idols the reader will side with; Achilles or Hector. Society’s image of a hero demands for an altruistic, strong, and compassionate figure, but Homer refutes this idea of a hero. Homer’s Iliad demonstrates that in a realistic society, there is no such thing as a complete hero, and that true heroism does not exist. ​Achilles, the Achaean trophy soldier, was the creation of a mortal named Paleus and of a Goddess named Thetis. Because of his immortalityRead MoreTrojan War in Homer ´s The Iliad868 Words   |  4 Pages Homer’s Heroes The epic poem called The Iliad written by Homer concerns the Trojan War. It shows Trojan and Achaean warriors’ courage, bravery and their attempt to become the best fighter to get fame, glory, and honor. The heroes in The Iliad follow Homer’s heroic code, striving for excellence. Hector and Achilles’ strength comes from their desire for fame, glory, honor and their acceptance of fate. These qualities are considered to be characteristics of Homer’s heroic code. However, the actionsRead MoreFree Will : Ancient Literature1536 Words   |  7 Pagesstates that human life is pre-determined by such forces as gods, fate or destiny† (Cross Reference Project, 2015). The concept of free will versus fate is a prominent theme in much of literature especially those of the ancient West. Stories such as Homer’s Iliad and the Odyssey as well as Virgil’s Aeneid helped pave the way for literature to inspire society to evolve and provide us with depiction s of characters who had the ability to freely choose actions and struggle with their consequences versusRead More The Gods in Homers The Iliad and The Odyssey Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesThe Gods in Homers The Iliad and The Odyssey The stories told in the Iliad and Odyssey are based on stories handed down over several generations, for they preserve (as we have seen) memories of an already quiet far distant past. The two pomes show clear connection in their language and style, in the manner in which their incidents presented, and in the combination of agreement with level, which distinguish their creation. The work was written by one author but gave two diverse views on theRead MoreExistentialism And Akhilleus : State Of Affairs1182 Words   |  5 PagesExistentialism and Akhilleus’ State of Affairs in Homer’s Iliad Existentialism is a philosophy that deals with human existence. This philosophy is a complex subject that asks questions about life that include meaning, purpose, choice, morality, ideology, and individuality. When reading other texts one could easily make connections to existential themes within the book’s literary tropes. Occasionally, some books have an overloaded abundance of existential themes. Homer’s Iliad is one of the books that compriseRead MoreThe Trojan War : Is The Oldest Record Many Historians?1845 Words   |  8 PagesThe Trojan War is a topic that comes with many discussions, questions, and beliefs that many people even today are looking into. The Iliad, created by Homer, is the oldest record many Historians use to start their research on the Trojan War. Unfortunately, his version of the Trojan War was made 480 years after it occurred, which leaves many people to question if Homer’s story was true or not. In today’s times we still may not have all the answers of the Trojan War but we do have evidence and possibilitiesRead More Comparing the Role of the Noble Lie in the Iliad and the Republic1195 Words   |  5 Pageshis republic. However, when the noble lie is translated to actual cities, or presented in a realistic way in literature, we see how it does not live up to its expectation. To introduce a noble lie to the Iliad would require thinking as a Trojan or Achaean would: believing in the supreme-power of immortals and predetermined fate. For the two warring sides to achieve peace, a lie undermining the power the immortals hold over the mortals would need to be introduced. The core of the lie isRead MoreEssay on Was Troy The Movie Accurate According To Homer?1791 Words   |  8 PagesWas Troy the Movie Accurate According to Homer? Did the movie Troy, released in 2004, accurately depict the story of Homers epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey, and was it a good movie from a critical point of view? I think it was a good movie from an entertainment standpoint, but it fell short in its comparison to Homers epics. As a fan of epic movies, I have watched the movie Troy a couple of times. In comparing the movie to the epic, there are various discrepancies betweenRead More Troy, Truth in the Myth? Essay example1962 Words   |  8 PagesBC while on route east to conquer Asia, came to Troy looking for the city immortalized in Homers Iliad. Presently, archaeologists visit Hisarlik, a site in northwest Turkey, as it is believed to be the location of the ancient city. Alexander must have been puzzled when he had arrived in Ilion, the name of the city at the time of his visit. Ilion was a small colony founded centuries after the Trojan War supposedly took place; Alexander and his men must have had a similar reaction to what theyRead More The Role of Women in the Odyssey Essay1212 Words   |  5 Pagestraits and perform certain tasks that men demanded of them. Does Homers writing in The Odyssey support or refute the common belief of his time regarding women? Homer endorsed the dominating belief of his time concerning women by treating the female characters unequally and differently compared to the male characters in The Ody ssey. By examining the women of The Odyssey one comes to one conclusion about women in Homers epic. Homers male characters in The Odyssey consistently treated women differently

Schizophrenia Is A Heterogeneous Illness - 1719 Words

Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous illness that may involve several pathophysiological gender differences. For men and women incidence risk peaks between 20-29 years of age, and women also have a second risk peak between 30–39 years of age. Negative symptoms including low motivation and withdrawal are more frequent in men and appear up to six years before diagnosis (Hafner, 2005; Hafner et al., 1993; Morgan et al., 2008). Women exhibit greater levels of depression and positive symptoms including sexual inappropriateness, impulsivity and delusions (Mendrek et al., 2015; Van der Werf et al., 2014). Sex differences in either age of onset or prevalence of negative symptoms are not as evident in patients that have a family history of schizophrenia (Bergen et al., 2014; Hafner et al., 1998). Estrogen has been proposed to have a possible protective role that may account for a later age of disease onset in women, when levels are lowest during post-response rates to antipsychotic drugs are also higher in women menopause (Allen et al., 2013; Hafner, 2005; Leung M.D. Chue M. R. C. Psych., 2000; Ochoa et al., 2012). Obstetric complications have also been connected with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia, an earlier age of disease onset, poorer outcomes and ventricular enlargement. Such complications appear to be more frequent and severe in males than females. (Allen et al., 2013; Dalman et al., 1999; Kelly et al., 2004). Prenatal exposure to influenza 5 months before birthShow MoreRelatedSchizophreni A Mental Illness1199 Words   |  5 PagesChidubem Ike-Asogwa Professor Crawley PSYCH 201 April 17, 2017 Schizophrenia continues to create new challenges today and continue to be a complicated mental illness. 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The film offers much, and relevant insight into the psychological condition of schizophrenia, including information on the symptoms, the treatment and cures, the life for the individualRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1545 Words   |  7 PagesSchizophrenia, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), is a psychotic disorder that is characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behaviour, and other symptoms that cause social or occupational dysfunction (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). The symptoms of schizophrenia invade every aspect of a person: the way someone thinks, feels, and behaves; which implicates their interpersonal and working relationships. Individuals sufferingRead MorePrimary Neurological Brain Abnormalities And Individuals With Schizophrenia960 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction There are primary neurological brain abnormalities in individuals with schizophrenia. According to Fusar-Poli (2009), schizophrenia is delineated by prefrontal activity and elevated striatal dopaminergic functions. These elevations in striatal dopamine activity and prefrontal cortical dysfunctions (Fusar-Poli, 2009). Along with other abnormalities in white matter as well as, having been observed in the right superior frontal gyrus, left middle frontal gyrus, bilateral parahippocampalRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia Essay1348 Words   |  6 PagesSchizophrenia According to the fifth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), schizophrenia is a severe, chronic and debilitating mental disorder characterized by impairment in one’s cognitive, behavioral, and emotional functioning, which leads to social and occupational dysfunction (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Prevalence of schizophrenia in the United States is 1.1%, (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2015), and the economic burden relatedRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On Society1195 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia is a considered a severely chronic, disabling brain disease. Sufferers that have schizophrenia tend to experience hallucinations, delusions and sometimes distorted reality. When an individual is diagnosed with schizophrenia, they are physically inept to acting out â€Å"everyday functions†. With careful research, it is now known nearly one percent of the American population develops schizophrenia. U nfortunately, that portion is about two million american citizens and the numbers are slowlyRead MoreSchizophrenia: Types, Symptoms, Medications, Treatment Essay example2723 Words   |  11 PagesTREATMENT Schizophrenia is sometimes considered the most devastating of the mental illnesses because its onset is early in a patient’s life, and its symptoms can be destructive to the patient and to the patient’s family and friends. Although schizophrenia is usually discussed as if it were a single disease, this diagnostic category can include a variety of disorders that present with somewhat similar behavioral symptoms. Schizophrenia probably comprises a group of disorders with heterogeneous causesRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Depression1197 Words   |  5 Pagesdiminished energy levels, sentiments of blame or low self-esteem, disturbed appetite or sleep, and poor focus in daily life matters. Symptoms of anxiety and insomnia are closely associated with term depression. Depression can be categorised as â€Å" Mental illness† because it severely affects the state of human’s mind and propose hurdles and obstacles in daily life matters. Problems associated with d epression can become chronic or acute which can cause significant impairments in a person’s life and can hinderRead MoreMajor Components of Of Mice and Men1826 Words   |  8 PagesMental illness comes in so many different forms, mental hospitals hold a lot of patients with schizophrenia. Mental hospitals are being taken down and becoming more and more rare every day so another major place you see people suffering from a mental illness is prison, and schools. In the book Of Mice and Men, one of the two main characters Lennie suffer from mental disabilities, he is slower at thinking and see things that are not real. Lennie shows a lot of signs of having schizophrenia, one of

The Idiots Manual to National Elementary Honor Society Essay Samples Revealed

The Idiot's Manual to National Elementary Honor Society Essay Samples Revealed National Elementary Honor Society Essay Samples and National Elementary Honor Society Essay Samples - The Perfect Combination I have to admit this is something which I've been looking forward to since the start of my high school career. In school, an individual can assume the position of being a true leader by tutoring classmates. However, as a diligent student, I opted to endure those moments. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you wind up getting an excellent grade. Ok, I Think I Understand National Elementary Honor Society Essay Samples, Now Tell Me About National Elementary Honor Society Essay Samples! The majority of the recommendation letter for the student will incorporate information about the reason why they would be a superior fit for the NHS. Parent information isn't accepted. No parent information is going to be accepted. Then be certain all considerable in formation is seen before applying and you must be discerning. According to the ECS NJHS Handbook, a written letter could be sent stating that the student wasn't selected and a reason behind that non-selection could be noted. Composing your own CV after graduating might be tricky, especially in the event you're searching for your very first standing. I've always used my abilities to help my fellow students whenever they're in need. Students may ask the way the selection process was conducted, but there is not any requirement an explanation of why a specific student wasn't selected be explained. Introducing National Elementary Honor Society Essay Samples Furthermore, I have all the essential qualifications which are needed for one to be given this specific scholarship under NHS that is a prestigious organization in the USA of America. If you strongly think that you possess the traits required via this organization, learn how to compose a National Honor Society essay. Volunte er projects required by means of an organization isn't going to be accepted. For instance, information concerning NHS scholarships, chapters, activities, awards, and the way to begin a chapter can readily be accessed through their site. Parent or Teacher nominations aren't accepted. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. Participation awards aren't accepted. Facts, Fiction and National Elementary Honor Society Essay Samples Participating in spelling contests, I achieved some excellent outcomes. This club is essential since it is the very first dance club at my school. Group or team awards aren't accepted. We can help you in writing a paper because our organization is regarded as among the best ones and ones writers take part in seminars to better their abilities. Also, you could be asked to compose an NHS essay before joining. You might have to compose an NHS essay before joining to demonstrate that you're eligible to join a prestigious organization. Essay writing isn't always straightforward. All is possible if you'd like to obtain a paper since there are many essayA writing services where you find writers with perfect abilities and qualities who can assist. A specialist writer who's seasoned in writing NHS essays can assist with an outline, give advice, point you in the correct direction, or even compose the full essay below your guidelines. Writing a national honor society essay by yourself, you might come to an issue of locating a draft to examine. National Elementary Honor Society Essay Samples - Is it a Scam? They further are available in international and American schools throughout the world. The students who've been selected as NHS members have access to different benefits that the organization offers. Chapters may also be found in international schools and American schools across the world. A Startling Fact about National Elementary Honor Society Essay Samples Uncovered Accountants are essential to the function ing of any enterprise. Financial need is going to be taken into account too. What is Actually Going on with National Elementary Honor Society Essay Samples If one has a superb character, then it's very likely that one also has the other few pillars also. I think that character is a huge portion of life. Character is the thing that makes people believe in you and in addition, it can help you succeed in your private life. Possessing a great character makes it possible to in turning into a good leader without forgetting to be a scholar.

Debt sustainability and Fiscal Councils Economics

Questions: 1. Evaluate the effects of an austerity fiscal programme in a situation when a government is running negative primary deficits, the nominal interest rate is close to zero, the real GDP is growing, after a period of a prolonged recession and the inflation rate is close to zero. 2. Discuss how your answer may change if the country falls into a deflationary spiral. 3. Briefly discuss Fishers Debt-Deflation hypothesis and the Post-Keynesian development. Answers: Introduction An unending ripple on the economic health of the nations has been created by the global financial crisis of 2008. In order to stimulate the economy, the governments rely on deficit spending during the time of crisis (Wren-Lewis, 2013). Huge spending capacity of state and inappropriate revenue collection was noticed in European countries. This created deficit bias in those countries (Abbas, et al., 2013). In order to improve fiscal discipline many fiscal institutions emerges. The first purpose of this essay is to discuss the factors that are responsible to accumulate large debt of the government and risks associated with the accumulated debt. The second purpose of this essay is to discuss OECD governments deficit financing, which has been increasing rapidly since 1990s. This paper also focuses on the role of fiscal institutions in reducing the debts of the government. Theory Government revenue declines and social expenditure grows during the financial crisis and government alters its policies according to the phase of cycle that it faces. This further increases the borrowing of the government for the next years. The optimistic approximation of fiscal policy causes the rapid increase in public debt prior to the recent crisis. The following recursive equation represents the debt accumulation dynamics. Bt = (1+r)*Bt-1 + Gt-Tt Debt level of present year ( year 1) is positively correlated with debt and government spending of the previous year ( year t-1). Moreover, T is negatively related with debt level. As primary deficit increases the accumulated debt also rises. Accumulation of debt also cause due to the factors like high rate of interest, high borrowing and low investment. The equation of debt accumulation can be further derived by incorporating the level of output Yt. Bt/Yt Bt-1/Yt-1 = (r-g)*Bt-1/Yt-1+(Gt-Tt)/Yt The difference between real rate of interest and GDP, i.e. r-g and the primary budget balance as a percentage of GDP, i.e. (Gt-Tt)/Yt, are the two factors that control the debt dynamics of the government. Positive value of (r-g) causes increase in debt stock. When the same value is negative, the debt stock decreases. A surplus in budget allows the government to finance its existing debt, whereas further borrowing funds primary deficit. If the rate of inflation is high then the bondholders will demand a hike in the rate of interest rate. If the government has significant primary surplus then it might decrease the rate of interest. The Debt-GDP ratio grows slowly at (r-g) rate, , if the GDP increases. When the primary deficit is nil, the debt increases only with the real interest rate. Hence, the growth rates adjust according to the government deficit. In the following section, all of the above discussion will be formalised. The slope of the main equation that explains debt-GDP dynamics is greater than one. In this case, the interest rate of a country is higher than the growth rate (Figure 1). If debt is assumed to be positive in the beginning, then debt-GDP ratio for t=2; t= 3 etc will be same with debt pinned in the x-axis. This implies that debt-GDP ratio increases at the same rate equal to the growth in rate of interest and Gross Domestic Product proceeds at a lower rate, when the government finances interest payments for accumulated debt with further more debt. Figure 1: (Source: Blanchard et al., 2010) In contrast, when the rate of GDP growth is higher than the real interest rate, it is considered as exotic case. However, the rate is too low for most of the countries so there is no exotic case in the current market. The main equations slope is less than 1, as represented by Figure 2. In this case the debt is lower, and attaining a stable level. Here, debt rises at the rate real interest rate is growing. However, it is poorer than GDP growth. So debt will reduce to zero if primary budget is balanced. The debt will still converge even if state runs constant deficits. Diagram 2: (Source: Blanchard et al, 2010) The following main section will discuss solutions for the government handling debt-management. Policy The rising trends in government debt in the OECD countries during 1970s to 1990s questioned the effectiveness of unrestricted fiscal policy. U.K and the OECD countries focused on reducing the high debt on the part of governments and thus fiscal rules appeared in those countries during late 90s. The number of fiscal councils has been growing ever since the notion of failure of discretionary fiscal rules started to gain momentum. The first fiscal council was established in Netherlands, in 1960. There are thirty fiscal councils has been established by 2013, all over the world. Among the few studies that focus on the effectiveness of the fiscal councils, the research by Debrun and Kumar (2007) stated that fiscal councils helps in improving the performance of nations, as it implements several measures in order to monitor and forecast the future consequences. These councils also provide neutral assessments of the current situation and advices to adopt proper measures to get better in fisca l performance. Since the concept of fiscal council is relatively new, only few researches are conducted related to this. The journey of fiscal councils and the role played by them in the current fiscal regulation are systematically explained by Calmfors and Wrenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Lewis (2011). This insightful research presented that the activities of fiscal councils are diversified and they are of huge variety. The growing numbers of fiscal councils demonstrates that the fiscal rules are not enough to certify appropriate operations of the government. The primary role of the fiscal councils is to influence the public debate by planning, forecasting, analyzing or advising the fiscal authorities (Jensen, 1997). However, the primary role of the fiscal authorities is to help the fiscal institution to apply fiscal decisions. Hence, the difference between the role fiscal councils and fiscal authorities is clear. In a research conducted by IMF (2013) it was stated that the information asymmetry is the major reason behind the deficit bias. These information asymmetries are removed by fiscal rules backed by the fiscal councils. According to the Fiscal Assessment Report, 2012, deficit bias is described as the tendency of governments to allow deficit and public debt levels to increase. Information dilemma; electoral competition; common-pool theory; impatience; exploiting future generations and time inconsistency are the factors responsible for deficit bias. The fiscal councils assess the quality of the fiscal policies that are to be undertaken by the government. They have the authority to gather information regarding this. By combining various literature it can be said that fiscal councils contributions are several and significant. Before preparing the budgets, these councils provide unbiased and unconditional forecasts regarding the macroeconomic variables. Moreover, fiscal rules of the respecti ve authorities are implemented by the fiscal councils. In addition to this, fiscal councils help the government in finding correct and accurate measures in order to overcome the difficulties present in the current structure (Cangiano, Curristine and Lazare, 2013). The fiscal councils are established to endorse a culture of lucidity and strength of the fiscal rules in order to enhance the status of the government (Cangiano et al. 2013). Through assessment of plans and finances, these councils help to create sustainable public finances. The functions of fiscal councils clearly indicate it objective. However, despite of several benefits obtained by establishing the fiscal councils, their functioning depends on several reasons like full elimination from political affairs of the state, a strong and efficient communication approach that develops their value in public debate and a persistent supervise of the current fiscal policies of the government. For well functioning of the councils these prerequisites are necessary. By presenting up-to-date information on the fiscal condition of the country, the fiscal council helps to improve the market discipline. Financial institutions do not require to build up the fiscal policy developments of the governmen t but it allows them to focus only on the reports prepared by fiscal councils. Fiscal councils can improve the democratic responsibility of a nation by enlightening voters about the fundamental condition of the financial performance. This is pointed out by the authors Debrun and Kinda (2014). Many researchers also opined that competence of the government spending can be better off with the help of fiscal council (Bohn, 1998). Office for Budget Responsibility or ORB, which is the official national fiscal council, was established in 2010, in UK. Official forecasts to the government have been proactively made by them, since then. According to the Calmfors and Wren-Lewis (2011), the crucial role of this fiscal body is to offer guidance to the state administration; hence it is a division in the state decision making system. This questioned the sovereignty of the fiscal council, as the government is able to influence or manipulate the council while making a decision. The vigilant status of the council is also doubtful because the council has no right or authority to appraise the outcome of alternate fiscal strategies that the government could have adopted. Government of most of the countries including U.K, have a strong craving for constraining the criticism, which is done by the council to curtail the short-run spoilers that come out from such analysis (Checherita-Westphal and Rother, 2012). This is mainly bec ause of the above aspects; it is sometimes argued that U.K government bring to bear specific stress on the Office for Budget Responsibility. von Hagen (2010 cited in Gianviti, et al., 2010) stated in this regard in his research work. According to him, the reliability of medium-term fiscal goals can be improved through fiscal policies, only if the government of the country has enough commitment. If the government dominates the imposition of decisions and manipulates it assessment regarding the fiscal condition of the country, then the effectiveness of the fiscal councils will be hampered. Conclusion It cannot be denied that since the 1970s, the deficit bias is a perpetual trouble of the OECD countries. The global financial crisis of 2008 has fetched the fear and alarmed the developed nations that funding the deficits cannot be cured even in the long run. As in most of the cases, debt financing of this year has led to borrowing and falling into the debt-trap. The major distress of the government of developed countries is its growing debt-to-GDP ratio. Enlargement of the primary deficit, decline in the economies overall growth rate of and a hike in the rate of interest; are the three principle reasons identified as responsible for the increasing debt-to-GDP ratio. Growing public debt endangers the government in terms of fall in economic growth through cutback in production efficiency and wealth accumulation. A careful fiscal measure, rise in surplus or sell off assets along with efficient and effective fiscal rule can be used as techniques to lower the debt-to-GDP ratio by the gov ernment. In Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, fiscal councils have been found to be a very popular concept in the current period. The rationale behind founding fiscal councils is to contribute and improve the usefulness of the fiscal rules made by the government. Fiscal councils aim to eradicate asymmetry in information. It also provides unbiased and absolute forecasts. Along with improving the efficiency of expenses of the government, the councils also focus to advance overall performance of the financial markets. However, some of the councils like UK Office for Budget Responsibility, are not completely autonomous and mostly controlled and managed by the government. Therefore, such types of financial councils are yet to prove themselves capable of improving the overall condition of the economy, in order to facilitate sustainable development. 1. The economic downturns in an economy are not naturally concerned with financial crises but are also concerned with considerable worsening of fiscal positions in the economy. The increase in public debt is due to the decreasing revenues, and higher expenditures have led to a rapid deterioration of fiscal balances. The Great depression in 2007- 2009 had led to rising in increase public debt because the falling of tax revenues resulted in income fall. However, to combat the Great Depression, fiscal stimulus was given which affected the public debt by increasing the value by two fold of GDP. Against these conditions, governments started undertaking policies to reduce the public debt and deficits. Nevertheless, the government adopted combinations of tax based and spending consolidation measures (Ball et al. 2013). However, the spending based considerations for fiscal austerity can be expansionary such that its tends to be long lasting and can increase in GDP or a small recession whereas the same cannot be said for tax-based consolidations because they are transitory and is connected with a slowdown in GDP growth. However, the two variables mentioned above are the two largest government spending items that are responsive to the reduction in social spending especially on salaries and public wages (Perotti 2013). Fiscal policy does not operate when the economy is facing a gap in the economic effects. The adverse economic effects can counterbalance the monetary stimulus. Regarding economic consequences if the central banks cut their policy rates to zero in the fiscal austerity period then the set of possible policy is different from the tools that are set and considered in the period of austerity. The zero lower bound of the nominal rates not only have received attention but also have found that the fiscal stimulus would possibly be strong. Hence, fiscal stimulus will raise the expected inflation which will, in turn, push the real interest rate negative that will increase the consumption. However, it can be stated that when nominal rates are zero the fiscal consolidations are expensive (Haltom and Lubik, 2013). The fiscal austerity on a prolonged period after recession faced substantial distributional effects due to the combinations of spending and consideration tax measures. The main effects are highlighted below: Effect on Poverty and Inequality The effect on inequality and poverty was affected basically due to the changes in the taxes and welfare that accounted for the poorest tenth of the total population. Every measure has reviewed the wealth to increase in the economy by making rich richer and poor poorer. Though the GDP is increased, it accompanied increasing levels of apprehensive work accompanied by obliteration of mechanisms to reduce poverty and lower inequality. Therefore, financial austerity resulted in increased inequality in which the richest continued to gain inconsistently from the new growth in the period after recession (oxfam.org 2013). Effect on Wage Income A focus on income shares showed that there is a decline in the average incomes and those positions that review an economic fall are also affected by the shrinkage affected by a sizeable number. However, the results for disposable income without the housing costs had adjusted nature in the current income situation whereas as compared with the housing purchases, it did not show any sizeable adjustment in the current income situation. The income changes affected other social, economic factors like health, declines in the academic performance, earnings potential of the children of displaced workers and economic vulnerability (Callan et al. 2013). Effect on Output and Employment The output and unemployment effects of fiscal adjustments resulted in endogenous labour participation and job seekers that were heterogeneously unemployed with an element of "automatic stabilisation". However, the government system lead to diminished vacancies, high output losses and least benefits regarding deficit reductions. The effect was negative because these effects created an additional wealth in the economy which reduced the number of people employed and ultimately faced a downturn in investment demand and consumption (Bermperoglu et al. 2013). However, the unemployment faced led to a significant long-lasting and long-term unemployment for those who had been unemployed for a long time in the OECD Countries thereby threatening the social cohesion (Ball et al. 2013). 2. The effect of the deflationary spiral on fiscal austerity is the study of the liquidity trap that an economy faces with nominal rigidities at zero level bound. The higher government spending consolidation measures can cause deflationary effects such that it reduces the spending multiplier at the zero level binding rates. However, these confidence shocks are caused fundamentally due to taste shock in which government spending can be checked by inflationary trends and can be related to spending multipliers (Mertens and Ravn 2014). The problem of the deflationary spiral is because of the replication in the interdependent economies. However, the deflationary spiral theory is valid when it assumes that fiscal policy is efficient and fiscal multipliers are positive (Kitromilides 2011). However, deflationary spirals with shocks have a direct effect on inflation and the monetary tools possess no effect at all because the monetary policy can no more affect the nominal interest rate, therefore, proving its incompetence (Buttet and Roy 2011). The risk of deflation can also be given by Philip's curve when the risk of deflation and inflation are examined together based on differences from the unemployment rate from the equilibrium level. However, the model highlights the inverse relationship between the unemployment and price level with the major role of slacks and inflation expectations. One example can be given on the deflationary spiral namely the Federal Open Market Committee that unconfined long-run forecasts of inflation backed by appropriate actions (Williams 2010). The effect of a deflationary spiral is caused by the balance sheet recession in which the private sector saves instead of borrowings and pays the debt even when nominal interest rates are zero which ultimately results in an economic slowdown. The idea variable is contradictory instinctive because when a single individual cuts down borrowings and saves to pay the debt, then the person's balance sheet improves. But if the complete private sector does the same thing by minimising its debt without government spending measures, then the economy loses its regular demand and falls into recession rather depression in the long run. However, large cuts in spending can cause a, by and large, effect on the economy as a whole. According to International Monetary Fund's (IMF), when the private sector is paying its debt, then government becomes the borrower of only remaining option (Koo 2011). The sequence of the debt and deflationary spiral process are enlisted below. The sequence of the debt and deflationary spiral process are enlisted below. As the expectations of the people further go down, the prices fall, which makes the consumer to postpone its purchases. However, postponement of purchases results in fall of aggregate demand, which in turn pressurizes the prices to fall. Also, the currency values consolidate and create a bad situation using trade channel. The reducing prices decline the use of public and private sector, which induces the household's consumption to fall regarding goods and services to pay a higher proportion of the debt. However, government even restraints its spending relating to intensification of deflationary spiral. The above factors result in grief selling because the households have to pay debts on time, which result in declining asset prices. However, it's the same when government privatizes the public assets to pay to its creditors which pressure the asset prices to fall. Nevertheless, as the assets prices decrease, the net value of the households and the organization's fall which results in impetuous bankruptcy. In total, there is a decline in aggregate demand leading to falling in profits with a reduction in the employment and output. The normal outlook of the economy is faced with loss of confidence, negativity and decline in preferences with accumulation of money. Nonetheless, under these situations, the nominal rates are falling with decline in real interest rates thereby hindering the debt and deflation spirals (Frangakis 2015). To combat these deflation debt crises, there is a need for less austerity and more fiscal stimulus. According to Francesco Caselli, more focus should be given to structural reforms than the austerity. However, the time is the best factor to balance the deficit (knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu, 2015). 3. Fisher's debt deflation hypothesis is given in the instances in 1920 when Fisher views the crashed plateau of the stock market. From the above points of deflationary spiral, Fisher identified a chain of events of distress selling, rising real interests rates, declining asset prices, declining net worth of the economy and rising bankruptcies, credit curtailment, growing distrust, bank runs, asset dumping and hoarding of money depicts that deflationary forces increased the public debt burden. However, Fisher believed that abandoning the gold standard might finish the deflation (Vago, 2009). Deflationary spiral or debt-deflation is a basic theory of economic cycles, which holds the depression and depression resulting from mostly level of deflating. The credit cycle is the basic case of the trade cycles. In observing the chain of events, Fisher found the great paradox' where the more the debt is paid, the more the debtor is to be indebted. According to Fisher, it was conventionally propagated the situations of bankruptcies, starvation and unemployment. However, it was argued that the depression could be cured and prevented if stabilization and recovery measures are applied. However, as said by Fisher, deflation increased the public debt burden. Source: (Vago, 2009) However, Fisher's great paradox' outlined Keynes's savings paradox. Keynes opines that though the amount of savings by the households will make them hold cash and hoarding cash will increase their incomes. Nonetheless, this will make the households save any amount of money they want. Besides, every saving on consumption will ultimately result in increased income and will counter the theory given by Irving Fisher (Frangakis 2015). About this, there will be no reduction of wages or restriction on the quantity, which will restore its equilibrium back to the full equilibrium level. The fall in prices will not only increase the debt burden but will even increase the money's value, which remains to be fixed. However, according to Keynes a solution must be devised that will avoid bankruptcies, credit curtailment, growing distrust, bank runs, asset dumping and hoarding of money; essentially that will shudder the capitalist order base (King 2012). Keynes work was market-based, but it did not formulate the self-regulated mechanism to bring to the level of full employment level with negative expectations. Keynes criticized Fisher's theory but was not able to provide a proper analysis to the criticism such that the economy will be in underemployment equilibrium due to the lack of credit in the market and less control of the private sector (Shiller 2013). The Keynes explanation was devoid to support the theory of Fisher because in his theory there were no monetary policy measures that could increase the government or household spending. Though, he even laid the answer to fiscal expansion of the aggregate demand through lower taxes and higher government spending to improve household income in the economy. The Keynes explanation was devoid of supporting the theory of Fisher because in his theory there were no monetary policy measures that could increase the government or household spending. Though, he even laid the answer to fiscal expansion of the aggregate demand through lower taxes and higher government spending to improve household income in the economy. One real life example can be given from Greek Crisis that as extensively ensnared with construction of euro zone. However, according to the Greek crisis, the public debt burden is different from euro zone because alternate of Fisher and Keynes theory was applied that means that the fiscal policy operated in different direction (Elliott, 2015). However, debt deflation is not the only theory that devises bubbles in the economy and Fisher's theory lacked the basic fundamental role of debt. This theory was revised by Keynes and later my many other theories like Austrian business cycle theory which stated that the economic crisis is the result of low investments and excess growth of credit. Lastly, Fisher's theory was based on demand side whereas Austrian theory is based on supply side (Prychitko 2010). References Ball, L.M., Furceri, D., Leigh, D. and Loungani, P., 2013.The distributional effects of fiscal austerity. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Bermperoglu, D., Pappa, E. and Vella, E., 2013. Spending-based austerity measures and their effects on output and unemployment. Buttet, S. and Roy, U., 2011. Deflation, Depression, and the Zero Lower Bound. Callan, T., Nolan, B., Keane, C., Savage, M. and Walsh, J., 2013. The Great Recession, Austerity and Inequality: Evidence from Ireland.Intereconomics,48(6), pp.335-338. Elliott, L., 2015.Greeces problems are the result of the eurozone having no fiscal policy. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/feb/01/greece-problems-eurozone-fiscal-policy-germany [Accessed 20 Jan. 2016]. Frangakis, M., 2015. Public debt crisis, austerity and deflation: the case of Greece.Review of Keynesian Economics, (3), pp.295-313. Haltom, R. and Lubik, T., 2013.Is Fiscal Austerity Good for the Economy?. [online] richmondfed.org. Available at: https://www.richmondfed.org/~/media/richmondfedorg/publications/research/economic_brief/2013/pdf/eb_13-09.pdf [Accessed 20 Jan. 2016]. King, J.E. ed., 2012.The Elgar Companion to Post Keynesian Economics. Edward Elgar Publishing. Kitromilides, Y., 2011. Deficit reduction, the age of austerity, and the paradox of insolvency.Journal of Post Keynesian Economics,33(3), pp.517-536. knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu, (2015).Does Austerity Work? Or Does It Make Things Worse?. [online] Available at: https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/does-austerity-work-or-does-it-make-things-worse/ [Accessed 20 Jan. 2016]. Koo, R., 2011. The world in balance sheet recession: causes, cure, and politics.Real-world economics review,58(12), pp.19-37. Mertens, K.R. and Ravn, M.O., 2014. Fiscal policy in an expectations-driven liquidity trap.The Review of Economic Studies, p.rdu016. Perotti, R., 2013. The debate on the effects of fiscal consolidations. Prychitko, D.L., 2010. Competing explanations of the Minsky moment: The financial instability hypothesis in light of Austrian theory.The Review of Austrian Economics,23(3), pp.199-221. Shiller, R.J., 2013. Irving Fisher, Debt Deflation, And Crises.Journal of the History of Economic Thought,35(02), pp.179-183. Vago, S., 2009.Out of Keynes's shadow. [online] The Economist. Available at: https://www.economist.com/node/13104022 [Accessed 20 Jan. 2016]. Williams, J., 2010.The Risk of Deflation. [online] researchgate.net. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John_Williams62/publication/227437498_The_risk_of_deflation/links/0c960524efaa36c80e000000.pdf [Accessed 20 Jan. 2016].

Chromatography Food Coloring and Food Dyes Essay Example

Chromatography: Food Coloring and Food Dyes Essay When working in a lab, scientists often need to identify different molecules that are present in a sample they are studying. There are many ways to identify unknown molecules/chemicals in a sample. The method you will be using today is called Paper Chromatography and consists of 2 steps. First, you will separate the unknown chemicals and then you will identify them. This process can also be applied to the food we eat everyday.When you eat food or drink liquids you are trying to get important chemicals to your cells. (chemicals that your cells might use for energy or maybe to build more cells. ) Look at the food label below, though, and you’ll see a list of several chemicals that your cells cannot use. These chemicals may be added to keep the food from spoiling, give the food a flavor or texture that makes it taste better, or add color to the food/drink to make it look more appetizing so you will buy it. Many of the foods and drinks you buy each day would be clear or white with out the addition of food dyes (artificial colorings).Knowing this, we can ask what food dyes are used to make Kool-Aid, for example, look appetizing? Without food dyes, ALL flavors would be clear. In order to identify the food dyes in Kool-Aid, you must first separate them, and you will do this using paper chromatography. II. Materials: †¢ 2 chromatography tubes †¢ 2 strips of chromatography paper †¢ Lemon-lime Kool-Aid solution †¢ 1 pencil †¢ 2 toothpicks †¢ Grape Kool-Aid solution †¢ Solvent (alcohol, salt, water) †¢ ruler III. Procedure: DAY I: Separation of Chemicals 1. Obtain all the supplies you need (at supply table). 2.Cut 2 strips of chromatography paper so that each is about an inch longer than the tubes. 3. Cut one end of each paper strip to form a point (see drawing 1). 4. Draw a straight line across each strip an inch above the bottom of the tip. 5. Label the top of one strip â€Å"GRAPE† the other â€Å"LEMON-LIME. â₠¬  6. Use a toothpick to place a dot of grape Kool-Aid on the center of the line you drew (see drawing 1). Do the same with the lemon-lime Kool-Aid. 7. Poke a toothpick through the opposite end of the strip (see drawing 2). 8. Add a small amount (about 1/2 inch) of solvent to the 2 tubes. 9.Lower each strip into a tube so that the tip of the paper touches the top of the solvent. DO NOT LET THE DOT OF KOOL-AID TOUCH THE SOLVENT DIRECTLY. (see drawing 2). The solvent will begin to move up the strip, dissolve the food dyes, and carry them upwards. 10. Leave the strips in the tubes for 30 minutes. 11. Remove the strips and immediately make a PENCIL mark on each to show where the level of solvent stopped rising. Place the strips on a tray so they can dry overnight. 12. CLEANUP: Pour the solvent back into the solvent beaker. Rinse the tubes out. Return all your supplies to the supply table. DAY II: Identify Unknown Food Dyes 1.There are only 7 different food dyes that have been approved for use in foods and drinks. Table 1 in the data section lists these 7 dyes and some important information that you will need in order to identify the dyes present in 2 flavors of Kool-Aid. 2. Look closely at your chromatography strips. The mixture of food dyes in your sample should now be separated. Because the food dyes have different chemical properties, each will dissolved in the solvent and move up the strip at different rates. How many different food dyes are present in each Kool-Aid flavor? (look closely: sometimes 2 dyes overlap and produce what may look like a 3rd dye).Record the number of dyes present in Table 2. 3. In order to identify the food dyes in each Kool-Aid flavor, you will need 2 pieces of information: the color and Rf value of each dye. First, record the color of each separated dye in Table 2. 4. Now, calculate the Rf value for each separated dye as follows: a. Using a pencil, lightly draw a circle around the darkest area of color for each food dye (ignore the lighter colorâ€Å"tails†). b. Measure the distance (in cm) from the starting point (in the center of the line you drew) to the center of the circle you just drew (see drawing). Record this distance in Table 2. . Measure the distance (in cm) that the solvent moved (from the original line to the mark you made yesterday indicating where the solvent stopped rising see drawing). Record this distance in Table 2. d. To calculate the Rf value, divide the distance the dye moved by the distance the solvent moved. Record this value in Table 2. 5. Using Table 1, identify specifically which dyes are present in grape and lemon-lime Kool-Aid. Record this in Table 2. 6. CLEANUP: Once you have collected all of your data, you may keep or throw away your chromatography strips. Return the rulers to the supply table. IV.Data Observations: Table 1: Colors and Rf values of 7 food dyes COLOR Rf FOOD DYE Blue 0. 8-1. 0 Blue #1 Blue 0. 45-0. 65 Blue #2 Bright pinkish-red 0. 5-0. 65 Red #3 Light red 0. 67-0. 85 Red #40 Yellow 0. 4-0. 7 Yellow #5 Orange 0. 8-0. 9 Yellow #6 Green 0. 65-0. 75 Green #3 Table 2: Food Dye Characteristics obtained from chromatography experiment Color of each Distance each Distance Rf of each Kool-Aid # of Dye Dye Moved Flavor Dyes Solvent Dye (cm) Moved (cm) Name of Dye Grape 1 2 3 1 2 3 LemonLime V. Analysis/Follow-Up Questions: 1. What food dyes were present in grape Kool-Aid? 2. What food dyes were present in lemon-lime Kool-Aid? . Scenario: You have a mixture of 2 food dyes (Red #3 and an unknown). You separate the two dyes using paper chromatography. The Rf value of the unknown dye is 0. 75. Would the unknown dye travel further than the Red #3 dye? Explain you answer. 4. Explain why it is important the mark the solvent level on the chromatography paper when you finished your experiment on Day 1. 5. Find 3 different food or drinks that contain artificial coloring. Read the nutrition label on each and complete Table 3 below. Table 3: Food Dyes Pre sent in Various Food and Drink Samples Name of Food/Drink Brand Name Color Food Dyes Present Chromatography Food Coloring and Food Dyes Essay Example Chromatography: Food Coloring and Food Dyes Essay When working in a lab, scientists often need to identify different molecules that are present in a sample they are studying. There are many ways to identify unknown molecules/chemicals in a sample. The method you will be using today is called Paper Chromatography and consists of 2 steps. First, you will separate the unknown chemicals and then you will identify them. This process can also be applied to the food we eat everyday.When you eat food or drink liquids you are trying to get important chemicals to your cells. (chemicals that your cells might use for energy or maybe to build more cells. ) Look at the food label below, though, and you’ll see a list of several chemicals that your cells cannot use. These chemicals may be added to keep the food from spoiling, give the food a flavor or texture that makes it taste better, or add color to the food/drink to make it look more appetizing so you will buy it. Many of the foods and drinks you buy each day would be clear or white with out the addition of food dyes (artificial colorings).Knowing this, we can ask what food dyes are used to make Kool-Aid, for example, look appetizing? Without food dyes, ALL flavors would be clear. In order to identify the food dyes in Kool-Aid, you must first separate them, and you will do this using paper chromatography. II. Materials: †¢ 2 chromatography tubes †¢ 2 strips of chromatography paper †¢ Lemon-lime Kool-Aid solution †¢ 1 pencil †¢ 2 toothpicks †¢ Grape Kool-Aid solution †¢ Solvent (alcohol, salt, water) †¢ ruler III. Procedure: DAY I: Separation of Chemicals 1. Obtain all the supplies you need (at supply table). 2.Cut 2 strips of chromatography paper so that each is about an inch longer than the tubes. 3. Cut one end of each paper strip to form a point (see drawing 1). 4. Draw a straight line across each strip an inch above the bottom of the tip. 5. Label the top of one strip â€Å"GRAPE† the other â€Å"LEMON-LIME. â₠¬  6. Use a toothpick to place a dot of grape Kool-Aid on the center of the line you drew (see drawing 1). Do the same with the lemon-lime Kool-Aid. 7. Poke a toothpick through the opposite end of the strip (see drawing 2). 8. Add a small amount (about 1/2 inch) of solvent to the 2 tubes. 9.Lower each strip into a tube so that the tip of the paper touches the top of the solvent. DO NOT LET THE DOT OF KOOL-AID TOUCH THE SOLVENT DIRECTLY. (see drawing 2). The solvent will begin to move up the strip, dissolve the food dyes, and carry them upwards. 10. Leave the strips in the tubes for 30 minutes. 11. Remove the strips and immediately make a PENCIL mark on each to show where the level of solvent stopped rising. Place the strips on a tray so they can dry overnight. 12. CLEANUP: Pour the solvent back into the solvent beaker. Rinse the tubes out. Return all your supplies to the supply table. DAY II: Identify Unknown Food Dyes 1.There are only 7 different food dyes that have been approved for use in foods and drinks. Table 1 in the data section lists these 7 dyes and some important information that you will need in order to identify the dyes present in 2 flavors of Kool-Aid. 2. Look closely at your chromatography strips. The mixture of food dyes in your sample should now be separated. Because the food dyes have different chemical properties, each will dissolved in the solvent and move up the strip at different rates. How many different food dyes are present in each Kool-Aid flavor? (look closely: sometimes 2 dyes overlap and produce what may look like a 3rd dye).Record the number of dyes present in Table 2. 3. In order to identify the food dyes in each Kool-Aid flavor, you will need 2 pieces of information: the color and Rf value of each dye. First, record the color of each separated dye in Table 2. 4. Now, calculate the Rf value for each separated dye as follows: a. Using a pencil, lightly draw a circle around the darkest area of color for each food dye (ignore the lighter colorâ€Å"tails†). b. Measure the distance (in cm) from the starting point (in the center of the line you drew) to the center of the circle you just drew (see drawing). Record this distance in Table 2. . Measure the distance (in cm) that the solvent moved (from the original line to the mark you made yesterday indicating where the solvent stopped rising see drawing). Record this distance in Table 2. d. To calculate the Rf value, divide the distance the dye moved by the distance the solvent moved. Record this value in Table 2. 5. Using Table 1, identify specifically which dyes are present in grape and lemon-lime Kool-Aid. Record this in Table 2. 6. CLEANUP: Once you have collected all of your data, you may keep or throw away your chromatography strips. Return the rulers to the supply table. IV.Data Observations: Table 1: Colors and Rf values of 7 food dyes COLOR Rf FOOD DYE Blue 0. 8-1. 0 Blue #1 Blue 0. 45-0. 65 Blue #2 Bright pinkish-red 0. 5-0. 65 Red #3 Light red 0. 67-0. 85 Red #40 Yellow 0. 4-0. 7 Yellow #5 Orange 0. 8-0. 9 Yellow #6 Green 0. 65-0. 75 Green #3 Table 2: Food Dye Characteristics obtained from chromatography experiment Color of each Distance each Distance Rf of each Kool-Aid # of Dye Dye Moved Flavor Dyes Solvent Dye (cm) Moved (cm) Name of Dye Grape 1 2 3 1 2 3 LemonLime V. Analysis/Follow-Up Questions: 1. What food dyes were present in grape Kool-Aid? 2. What food dyes were present in lemon-lime Kool-Aid? . Scenario: You have a mixture of 2 food dyes (Red #3 and an unknown). You separate the two dyes using paper chromatography. The Rf value of the unknown dye is 0. 75. Would the unknown dye travel further than the Red #3 dye? Explain you answer. 4. Explain why it is important the mark the solvent level on the chromatography paper when you finished your experiment on Day 1. 5. Find 3 different food or drinks that contain artificial coloring. Read the nutrition label on each and complete Table 3 below. Table 3: Food Dyes Pre sent in Various Food and Drink Samples Name of Food/Drink Brand Name Color Food Dyes Present

The House On Mango Street essays

The House On Mango Street essays The main characters name is Esperanza. She is only about thirteen and is telling the story of her life on Mango Street. Esperanza is definitely a dynamic character. In the beginning of the story she does not like their new house on Mango Street or its surrounding. But as the story progresses she learns to be more grateful for what she has. In one short story of her experiences, she describes how she had to walk home everyday for lunch and how she wished she could eat in the canteen with the other kids. She goes home after school and begs her mom to pack her a lunch and write a note so she can eat with the other kids. After eating in the canteen with her packed lunch she realizes its not all its cracked up to be and continues to eat at home with her family. The story is written as a child would think. Esperanza describes things in a way unlike the way you or I would. In one part of the story Esperanza describes a woman with pink shoes as soft as a rabbits ear and green perfume. It may sound a little awkward to us but in her mind it makes sense. This kind of writing interests me because it is almost like solving a puzzle. While reading I had think simple and try not to make what she said too complex. One conflict presented in this book was when Esperanza and her two friends got three pairs of high heels and wore them around town. Their parents said not to wear the shoes because all they would do is cause trouble. But, they wore them anyway. While walking down the street a bum asks her friend Rachel to come closer. She does and then the bum tells her she is very beautiful and asks if he can have a kiss for a dollar. The girls are frightened and run away. And no matter how much each of the girls loved their shoes they all decided to never wear them again. The major theme of this novel is growing up. Basically the book is about the memori ...

Identify and compare different business and management practices Essay

Identify and compare different business and management practices between US, European and Asian firms - Essay Example This essay is organized as follows. Section 2 gives an overall comparison of management and business practice performance of firms across various countries in terms of different dimensions. Section 3 identifies and compares the differences in management and business practice performance of US, European and Asian firms in terms of their organization structure. Section 4 identifies and compares the differences in management and business practice performance of US ,European and Asian firms in terms of their decision making process. Section 5 identifies and compares the differences in management and business practice performance of US, European and Asian firms in terms of their equity (ownership) structure. Section 6 concludes the essay. Bloom and Reenen(2010) measured the differences in the management and business practices across firms and countries and observed the following patterns. The firms with better performance were having better management practices. The study showed only very few badly managed firms in US while large number of Brazilin and Indian firms in that category. Different countries perform better in different dimensions of management like US firms performing better in incentive terms while Swedish firms perform well in monitoring terms as shown b y the study. The study showed multinationals being well managed in all country while the government firms badly managed than private equity firms or firms with publicly quoted share prices. In addition to these, the study showed firms with more human capital performing well than others. Moreover the family owned firms with the family member as CEO were seen to be managed badly in this study. Based on an interview with managers from different countries on 18 management practices scores were given from 1 to 5 for each firm in the study. The three dimensions of management practices were measured in this regard namely monitoring, incentives and targets for almost 6000

Gay Marriage and American Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gay Marriage and American Family - Essay Example American manhood was symbolized as marketplace manhood with no time for family but engaged in business outside the home, he was restless, agitated, with power over other gender. (Kimmel 135). Homophobia is believed to be a byproduct of fear, the great secret of American manhood is [they] are afraid of other men, specifically to be identified as gays or be humiliated according to Kimmel (136). Homosexuality is considered by most Psychologists as mental disorder and therefore must be treated well. It has been part of the history since the early civilization but emerged lately after freedom was embraced by America in early 20th century. The emerging democracy in the late American period of economic development, many uprising had occurred that led to what America is now. The first would be the Feminist Group and later the Gay Movement. Accordingly, these movements have existed out of male dominance in the society, since American people yearn for freedom and liberty from bondage of inequality. Historically, homosexuality had been mentioned in the earliest community of Sodom and Gomorrah of the Bible; as the story goes, in that particular chapter of Genesis, an angel in the guise of men appeared to Lot, when the people learned about them, they wanted to have sex with these angelic men both young and old. Gay marriage is an issue of civic rights or human rights; the people of America have split opinion about same sex marriage. In one Human Rights Campaign sponsored symposium, Democratic candidates have aired opposing decision about the matter, among the seven attendees, only two were pro-same sex marriage. For them, it is a political issue about giving equal benefit to same-sex partners (Common Dreams). Even President George Bush is against same sex marriage. In the latest report in America according to New York Times, "only 56% of Americans are married today and, even more suprising, only 26% of all households are the traditional married-couple with children homes" (Parella). The number of gay-lesbian population is not increasing, the one increasing is the acceptance of the public of this arrangement (Parella). The most alarming in the American family is that those people who are in traditional marriage are in deep trouble like that of Brittany Spears, many of them collapse and leave tremendous effect on children and society. In Biblical point of view, marriage is sacred and consummate only within man and woman. It is God-instituted union of man and woman in order to build a family where God-fearing children will raise. Ted Mackin emphasized that for Christian man and woman "marriage is a sacrament" (as cited by Parella), within the union, "they find habitual attitude and conduct evidence of the presence of God." It is sharing of love within God's consent. Aside from that, marriage is union designed by God to nurture responsibility and in order to build a community of people based on the concept of procreation as commanded by God in the Bible. As what Parella had stated, "Marriage is an unconditional, life-long commitment between two persons who promise to share all of life and love, home and hearth, body and soul; marriage necessarily involves both the fullest of communication, the deepest of understanding, and the strongest of personal loyalty and trust between two people." It means that only death can part ways what has united in marriage; it is sharing unconditionally one's life with his partner. Marriage

Wearable and performance technology is surging to fashion industry Essay

Wearable and performance technology is surging to fashion industry - Essay Example Products that are both wearable and smart gadgets are used to monitor the emotions and the activity of the user (Gaimster, 2012, 170). The second is the medical and health care category. In this category, the devices require the approval of the FDA or an equivalent body, relative to the country in which the products are on sale. These devices assist in monitoring the user’s vital signs as well as the augmentation of the wearer’s senses (Editorialist, n.d., n.p.). The third is the military and industrial category. In this category, the performance and wearable technology has the ability to transmit and receive real-time data in both industrial and military environments. The fourth category is infotainment. Products under this category have the ability to transmit and receive real-time information for purposes of entertainment as well as espouse the enhancement of the wearer’s lifestyle (SportTechie, n.d., n.p.). To find out more on the employment of technology in fashion, the researcher shall undertake a primary research through use of questionnaires. These questionnaires will contain structured questions that will enable the respondent to provide their opinion on the effects of performance and wearable technology on different sectors in the economy, including the fashion industry. The respondents will be selected from the fashion industry to enable the researcher to acquire relevant information concerning the effects of technology in fashion. The questionnaire to be used for the primary research is attached to this document. Performance and wearable technology has contributed considerably to the development of fitness and wellness, especially through the devices that assist in monitoring an individual’s physical development (Scaturro, 2008, 471). The demand for Performance and wearable technology products in this category comes from professional athletes, managers of corporate wellness programs as well as consumers of recreational fitness.

Partitioning Of Barbiturates Overview

Partitioning Of Barbiturates Overview Phenobarbitone is an antiepileptic drug which is used to treat epilepsy. Absorbance values at different concentration of phenobarbitone can be used to plot a calibration graph which in turns can be used to find the concentration of phenobarbitone in organic phase at different pH by using the gradient of the graph. From there, the concentration of phenobarbitone in aqueous phase can be determined and hence can find the partition coefficient (P). Ptrue of phenobarbitone can be determined with the presence of the value of Papp and fu of phenobarbitone (acid). % ionization of phenobarbitone at different pH can also be calculated by knowing its pKa and this in turns can be used to determine the lipophilicity of phenobarbitone. % extraction of phenobarbitone will also determine how well does phenobarbitone passes through the organic phase (biological membrane in the body) at different pH. Phenobarbitone is a barbiturate used in the treatment of epilepsy. It helps to reduce seizure frequency and severity and may even stop seizures altogether. [1] Phenobarbital works by acting on GABA receptors that in turn increase synaptic inhibition. This then increases the seizure threshold, hence reducing the number of seizures occurring. [2)] Phenobarbitone is the longest acting barbiturate. It is an acidic crystalline structure which has pka value 7.4, hence it is significantly ionised at ph values over 6. Lowering the pH of the solution reduces ionisation. [4] According to Phenobarbitone structure, it has 2 hydrogen bond donors and 3 hydrogen bond receptors and the solubility of Phenobarbitone in water is 1g in 1000mL (0.1% w/v). It has low lipid solubility compared with other barbiturate. Thus it has slow onset action and longer half life. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of ionisation of phenobarbitone by measuring the amount that was extracted into n-octanol from the aqueous phases of different pH values. The results collected were then used to find the concentration of the drug at equilibrium and since the pKa of the drug and the pH of the solution are known, the true partition co-efficient for phenobarbtione can be calculated. [3] Partition coefficient (P) is the ratio of concentration of drug in n-octanol phase divided by concentration of drug in aqueous phase. A high partition co-efficient implies that the drug is highly lipophilic. [5] The method used in this experiment is the shake-flask method (the most accurate measurement method). The drug, in this case phenobarbitone, is allowed to equilibrate between the NaOH solution and the n-octanol and then the concentration in both layers are been determined. [5] Since the total amount of barbiturate present in the 0.5M NaOH (which is extracted from the octanol) is known, and the UV analysis gives the amount of phenobarbitone in the octanol layer at equilibrium, we can calculate the weight left in the aqueous phase and hence the concentration of drug in each phase at equilibrium. pKa is important to determine the true partition coefficient for the barbiturate. The disadvantage for shake-flask is that it is only apply to the unionised drug which most drugs are acids or bases and are ionised in biological systems. Experimental 0.02% w/v phenobarbitone in water was been provided as the stock solution. Using the stock solution, 50Â µg mL-1 solution in 0.5M NaOH [Solution A] and a 50Â µg mL-1 solution in water [Solution B] were been prepared. (a) Calibration Standards A range of calibration standards each containing 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 Â µg mL-1 of the phenobarbitone in 0.5M NaOH were prepared using Solution A. The wavelength of maximum absorbance (ÃŽ »max) at about 254nm was then determined using the 30 Â µg mL-1 standard. The absorbance of each standard at the ÃŽ »max was read using 0.5M NaOH as the blank. A calibration curve of absorbance versus concentration for the phenobarbiturate was then constructed using the absorbance readings obtained. (b) Partitioning Samples Six partitioning funnels were filled as the following: i) 10mL Solution B, 10mL 0.1M HCl, and 20mL n-octanol ii) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 6.6 buffer, and 20mL n-octanol iii) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 7.0 buffer, and 20mL n-octanol iv) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 7.4 buffer, and 20mL n-octanol v) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 8.0 buffer, and 20mL n-octanol vi) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 9.0 buffer, and 20mL n-octanol The funnels were shaken at frequent intervals for 30 minutes to allow the layers to separate fully. The organic layer was then been carefully ran off into a second separating funnel. 20mL of 0.5M NaOH was then added to the octanol and shaken for 5 minutes, allowing the layers to separate. The absorbance of the aqueous (bottom) layer was then measured by using the ÃŽ »max determined previously in (a). The concentration of the phenobarbitone in the 0.5M NaOH was calculated using the calibration curve. Discussion In partition chromatography, molecules move from one phase to another via passive diffusion, i.e. the movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration area without any facilitating factor. However, charged molecules are unable to move down the concentration gradient via this route. Partition chromatography of phenobarbitone mimics the movement of phenobarbitone across the biological membrane, i.e. the movement of phenobarbitone from aqueous phase, 50Â µg mL-1 phenobarbitone in water, to organic phase, octanol. Its chemical structure shows that there is a long hydrocarbon chain attached to the ring structure which contributes to its lipophilicity. The more lipophilic the drug, the more efficiently it is absorbed into the organic phase. Glass separating funnels were used to avoid absorption of lipophilic drug into the container. 30 minutes after the layers are left to separate fully, the aqueous layer is carefully ran off, leaving the organic layer in the separating funnel. 20mL of 0.5M sodium hydroxide, NaOH is then added to the organic layer to separate the mixture into two immiscible layers again. This is possible because phenobarbitone is a weak acid, it reacts with the newly added base, NaOH to form aqueous phase. The concentration of phenobarbitone in the aqueous phase is then determined using a UV spectrophotometer. From Table 1.6, at pH 1.1, the weight of phenobarbitone in organic phase is highest, 4.392 X 10-4 g; whereas at pH 9.0, the weight of phenobarbitone in organic phase marked its lowest at 2.800 X 10-4 g. This proves that the drug is most lipophilic at low pH as it is a weak acid and is unionised at low pH, therefore more able to cross into the octanol layer. Meanwhile, at pH 9.0, most of the drug is retained in the aqueous phase in its ionised form and hence unable to cross into the octanol phase as it cannot be passively diffused. As shown in Table 1.7 and Graph 2.0, the higher the pH, more of the drug present is ionised and vice versa. Starting from pH 1.1, the percentage of phenobarbitone ionised in the aqueous phase increased slowly up to pH 6.6, followed by a steep increase from pH 6.6 to pH 8.0, and further increase less steeply from pH 8.0 to pH 9.0. As for Graph 2.0, a slow decrease is observed from pH 1.1 to pH 7.0, a steep decrease from pH 7.0 to pH 7.4, followed by a gradual decrease from pH 7.4 to pH 9.0. Partition coefficient, P is the ratio of a drugs concentration in the octanol phase to its concentration in the aqueous phase at equilibrium with each other. A high P value hence denotes a high drug concentration in organic phase. From the results, a high P obtained at low pH proves that phenobarbitone is a highly lipophilic drug, capable of crossing lipophilic membranes in the body. From the results section, Ptrue value at pH 1.1 is 7.74, whereas the literature value is 1.4. The comparison is made at pH 1.1 because phenobarbitone is present in its unionised form at low pH. However, the Ptrue value is much higher than the literature value. This could be due to errors that occurred during the experiment, e.g. parallax error while pipetting the stock solution, and accidentally ran off some of the organic phase while running off the aqueous phase, causing undetermined potential weight loss of phenobarbitone in the organic phase. It could also be due to insufficient time allowed for phenobarbitone to diffuse from the aqueous phase into the organic phase. Studies revealed that the peak plasma concentration is reached 0.5 to 4 hours following an oral administration; partition chromatography mimics the diffusion of drug across biological membrane, therefore requires at least 30 minutes to reach peak plasma concentration of phenobarbitone in the organic phase. However, in the experiment, the partition was stopped at 30 minutes, not allowing more time for the mixture to separate fully. As octanol was added into the separating funnels at different times, they could not be stopped at the same time. The aqueous (bottom) layers were then run off starting from the funnel where octanol was added the earliest to the latest. The time taken to run off the aqueous phase varies as the volume of aqueous phase varies from funnel to funnel, which may have resulted in different times for each funnel to separate and hence more complete separation in the later mixtures. The lipophilicity of phenobarbitone contributes to its absorption into the octanol phase. Likewise, it is readily absorbed across biological membranes in the body, e.g. stomach wall, cell membrane and blood-brain barrier. Phenobarbitone is administered orally; it is rapidly and fully bioavailable after oral administration as phenobarbitone is unionised in acidic environment. At pH 1.1, 87.84% of phenobarbitone was extracted into the organic phase. This signifies that 87.84% of phenobarbitone is able to cross the stomach wall into the systemic circulation. The absorption is expected to decrease with the increase of pH value down the gastrointestinal tract; the unionised fraction is smaller in the small intestine but has longer intraluminal dwell time and hence increasing absorption. Being lipophilic, phenobarbitone crosses biological membranes readily, more preferably at low pH environment, into the bloodstream and around the body via systemic circulation and then distributed throughout the interstitial fluid. However, about 50% of the drug is bound to plasma protein, therefore neither able to travel across the blood-brain barrier into the cerebrospinal fluid nor is it able to be metabolised by the liver. From Table 1.8, at pH 7.4, 70.72% of phenobarbitone was extracted into the octanol layer. Assuming 50% is protein-bound; it can then be assumed that only about 35.36% of phenobarbitone would reach the brain at physiological pH 7.4. Elimination is a mechanism the body utilises to rid drug, xenobiotics and waste products from the body and plasma, mainly by the kidney and the liver. The normal pH of urine ranges from pH 4.5 to pH 7.5. Phenobarbitone being lipophilic and protein-binding has a slow elimination; its lipophilicity prevents it from being filtered by the glomerulus, unless metabolised in the liver into a less lipophilic metabolite. However, 25% of phenobarbitone is still excreted in its unionised form via passive tubular secretion. This route of excretion is exaggerated when urine is alkaline or when the urine volume is increased, i.e. via forced diuresis. Conclusion As phenobarbitone is used in treatment of epilepsy, it needs to possess the characteristics and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier into the motor cortex to exert its depressant effect. From the partition chromatography carried out, it is evident that phenobarbitone is readily absorbed into the body across biological membranes due to phenobarbitones lipophilic nature. It is also widely distributed in the body fluid, including the cerebrospinal fluid where it can act on the motor cortex. As for elimination, approximately 75% of the drug is metabolised by the liver before being excreted, but 25% is excreted as unionised molecules by passive tubular secretion in the kidneys. In conclusion, phenobarbitone has a relatively fast onset of action, hence it is deemed suitable to be administered via the oral route for the treatment of epilepsy.

The Heightening of Airport Security after September 11th Essay

The Heightening of Airport Security after September 11th Extraordinary challenges require extraordinary measures. The terrorist attacks on America on September 11, 2001 required that we reform our nation’s aviation security system in fundamental ways. Three years after the Sept. 11 tragedies, how far has airport and airlines come? It depends on the source. While it is important for airports to heighten security after the attacks of 9/11, the policies of profiling passengers are inadequate and a necessitate revision. The most visible changes to boost airport securities may be on the airplanes themselves. Many planes have installed bulletproof, locked cockpit doors to secure the pilot and crew from the rest of the plane. Increased securities at airports have come along more slowly. The Transportation Security Administration has been unable to fully staff airports with federal screeners, have delayed mandatory baggage screening deadlines multiple times, and have overrun a $350 million budget (TSA). The only way that airlines will be able to recover from the massive economic setbacks they have suffered as a result of the attack is to make an attempt to combine customer service and security. Most of the American public that has flown since 9/11 has been willing to put up with delays, personal searches, and increased security procedures (Young). New airport security measures have added unnecessary inconveniences and hassles. Airport security screeners need to carefully...

A Walk to Remember by Nicholas Sparks

Life has always been filled with different challenges. Sometimes, these challenges were enough to change the way we deal with life in general. There were people who get disappointed and depressed, making their lives more miserable.And there were others, who despite of their hardships and challenges, manage to live them most of their lives striving to be the best person they can be.The novel, â€Å"A Walk to Remember†, tells the story of a seventeen year-old teenager, Landon Carter. He was one of the popular students, armed with charm and good looks, and adored by many. He lived his life by playing pranks on others, bullying them and taking people for granted. He was aimless, and was contented with the kind of life his parents could provide him with. Everything changed when he met Jamie Sullivan.Jamie was the daughter of a Baptist minister in Beaufort. She was the complete opposite of Landon. People often had a notion that Jamie was weird, for she was always quiet , holding a B ible wherever she went. Her father was strict, and never allowed her to mingle much with the people around her. Unknown to many, Jamie had cancer.The time came when Jamie and Landon had to work together in the annual Christmas play written by Jamie's father, Hegbert Sullivan. At first, both were uncomfortable working together, primarily because they had different views in life. Jamie's life was simple, and filled with dreams she wished she could accomplish someday. Landon, on the other hand, was just contented with the kind of life that he had, and aimless in life.The two were always together, making them learn more about life. Their differences have somehow bridged the gap that was placed long before they had the chance to exchange ideas. Soon after, they were in love.Landon was left in awe upon learning that Jamie was dying of Leukemia. He was desolated at first, but faced the life changing trial by fulfilling Jamie's wish list. He made Jamie feel loved and special, making her hap py all the time.In the end, Landon and Jamie were married in the church where Jamie's deceased mother was married. Jamie was initially on a wheel chair, for she was very weak. She stood up and walked towards the altar to meet Landon, and his father Hegbert, who was to officiate the wedding.The story of the novel was astounding. It made viewers feel that regardless of life's challenges, one can still find that blissful ending. The novel also showed us that regardless of our statures in life, love will prevail. In Landon and Jamie's case, both were from the opposite ends of the social strata.Landon was part of the popular kids, who played pranks on others for fun, aimless, and cared less for their education. Jamie, on the other hand,   was branded to be one of those who cared much for her academics, career driven, and timid towards others.I particular admire the part wherein Jamie told Landon not to fall in love with her. It was an awkward statement to be given by Jamie, knowing her status in school. Landon, on the other hand, took it effortlessly, knowing that he would not fall in love with a girl like Jamie. He was surprised in the end, knowing that he had done the things that he did not normally do in life. Jamie was an influential force in Landon's sudden maturity.The story itself had a typical story set for a novel-†the boy meets girl then falls in love, despising the belief of others† type. But the novel goes further than that.   With the simple plot, the author was able to incorporate to the novel the magic and lessons in life that may be learned by teenagers. He was able to take into consideration the differences in perceptions, and how people, from all walks of life can come together for one purpose.In this case, those who used to despise Jamie helped give her the best summer she can have in her lifetime. They made her feel that regardless of her illness, she can still fulfill her dreams. At the same time, she was able to live her life l ike a normal teenager, not being given the special treatment given to dying patients.

Symbolises innocence Essay Example

Symbolises innocence Essay Example Symbolises innocence Essay Symbolises innocence Essay Write about the use Blake makes of childrens voices in at least two other poems.  I am using the innocence poems The Lamb and Infant Joy in order to compare the way Blake uses childrens voices with the experienced poem Infant Sorrow  The Lamb is written like a religious hymn and is narrated by a small child. The Little Lamb in the poem symbolises Jesus. The structure of The Lamb is two simple stanzas each of ten lines. The first half of the poem represents the child talking to The Lamb the second half shows the Lamb replying to the small child. The first half of the poem also acts as a chorus, like in a religious hymn, the simple structure reflects the simplicity of the poem and the child. Infant Joy shows the joys of a child being born and the choosing of names. The poem is narrated by a two day old baby throughout. The poem shows the celebration of child birth and a child. The structure of Infant Joy is two simple stanzas, each of six lines, the structure if simple like the baby, this symbolises innocence.  Infant Sorrow is the partner poem of Infant Joy ad is the complete opposite of it. It shows the pain and upset caused by child birth and shows the loneliness of the newborn baby. The structure of Infant Sorrow is two stanzas, each of four lines, which appears quite simple and innocence like however the lines are much longer than in Infant Joy. The poem is narrated by a new born baby. The three poems I have chosen have a lot of similarities, they are all narrated by children or babies but Blake changes his style of writing in each case. In Infant Joy the baby is but two days old, the baby appears happy and content as it is an innocence poem, throughout the poem the baby talks of its joy of being born. In The Lamb the small child is talking to Jesus, represented by The Lamb. The child asks questions of creation and then replies to itself. The Lamb is different to Infant Joy as the child is playing both parts, the lamb and the child therefore asking and answering its own questions where as in Infant Joy there is only one character, the baby, and therefore we only feel its emotions, the mother and father are not involved in the poem. Whereas in Infant Sorrow the mother and father play a main part, the baby talks of the upset and moaning of his mother and father shortly and it is born and shows how it is feeling lonely and controlled. Blake here is obviously creating a different child for each poem, and each child obviously has its own voice and opinions. Possibly, the babies in Infant Joy and Infant Sorrow are the same baby but Blake has given them different situations to live and cope in. Blake uses different language also in each of the poems, in The Lamb Blake uses archaic language to symbolise the relationship between the child, God and Jesus, Dost thou know who made thee, whereas in Infant Joy Blake uses innocent, positive words to symbolise that the baby is happy with its birth and excited at the fact that it will soon be named. Infant Sorrow is in complete contrast with the two other poems; Blake uses negative, experienced words of corruption and hatred to portray the emotions that the baby is feeling.

32 Famous Basketball Quotes

32 Famous Basketball Quotes Some say it is just another ball game. However, basketball enthusiasts swear that the game is the purpose of life. While both views are extreme, you cannot help being intrigued by the genuine fanaticism of the fans. Read these famous basketball quotes. Maybe, in these famous basketball quotes, you will find the purpose of life. You can read inspirational basketball quotes to take you forward in the game of life. Jason Kidd A lot of late nights in the gym, a lot of early mornings, especially when your friends are going out, youre going to the gym, those are the sacrifices that you have to make if you want to be an NBA basketball player. Magic Johnson Ask not what your teammates can do for you. Ask what you can do for your teammates. Elgin Baylor Coaching is easy. Winning is the hard part. Michael Jordan Even when Im old and grey, I wont be able to play it, but Ill still love the game. Obstacles dont have to stop you. If you run into a wall, dont turn around and give up. Figure out how to climb it, go through it, or work around it. Some people want it to happen, some wish it would happen, others make it happen. Talent wins games, but teamwork and intelligence wins championships. The game is my wife. It demands loyalty and responsibility, and it gives me back fulfillment and peace. Ive missed more than 9000 shots in my career. Ive lost almost 300 games. Twenty six times, Ive been trusted to take the game winning shot and missed. Ive failed over and over and over again in my life. And that is why I succeed. I would tell players to relax and never think about whats at stake. Just think about the basketball game. If you start to think about who is going to win the championship, youve lost your focus. Wilt Chamberlain Everybody pulls for David, nobody roots for Goliath. Kobe Bryant Everything negative pressure, challenges are all an opportunity for me to rise. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Great players are willing to give up their own personal achievement for the achievement of the group. It enhances everybody. I can accept failure, but I cant accept not trying. I think someone should explain to the child that its ok to make mistakes. Thats how we learn. When we compete, we make mistakes. Ive had enough success for two lifetimes, my success is talent put together with hard work and luck. Dennis Rodman I couldnt care less if the guy Im guarding has HIV. Im going to slam him anyway. Julius Erving I think that my God-given physical attributes, big hands, and big feet, the way that Im built, proportion-wise, just made basketball the most inviting sport for me to play. If you dont do whats best for your body, youre the one who comes up on the short end. Larry Bird Once you are labeled the best you want to stay up there, and you cant do it by loafing around. If I dont keep changing, Im history. Push yourself again and again. Dont give an inch until the final buzzer sounds. Ive got a theory that if you give 100 percent all of the time, somehow things will work out in the end. Leadership is diving for a loose ball, getting the crowd involved, getting other players involved. Its being able to take it as well as dish it out. Thats the only way youre going to get respect from the players. James Naismith The invention of basketball was not an accident. It was developed to meet a need. Those boys simply would not play Drop the Handkerchief. Jerry West You cant get much done in life if you only work on the days when you feel good. Charles Barkley If you are afraid of failure you dont deserve to be successful! Elgin Baylor If you look up the definition of greatness in the dictionary, it will say Michael Jordan. Isiah Thomas If you want consistency, then you perform. This is a performance job. You get paid to perform. Your money is guaranteed, but your minutes are not. My greatest gift that I have in life is basketball. Pete Maravich Love never fails. Character never quits. And with patience and persistence, dreams do come true. Shaquille ONeal Me shooting 40% at the foul line is just Gods way to say nobodys perfect. Kevin Johnson No matter what you say, you can have as many receivers as you want; there are enough balls to go around.

The Structure Of Criminal Justice System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Structure Of Criminal Justice System - Essay Example Trial courts and police departments are organized at a city as well as country levels. The statewide system has many variations, which are determined by factors like overcrowding of local jails, court congestions, problems of justice administration and differing types of crime. US Congress, FBI, Secret Service are major parts of the federal system along with defense and public attorneys, the Federal Sentencing System and US Bureau of prisons. Dealing with crimes that involve laws of immigration and income tax also come under this domain. (Criminal Justice System) This relates to the goals, values and specific procedures of applicable criminal laws. While state legislative bodies have powers to enact statutes to deal with various offenses, local legislative bodies have the power to enact ordinances creating minor offenses. However, many criminal statutes are general in nature and can be interpreted by courts at various levels. In addition, certain defenses like a defense of property, self-defense, duress, and insanity do not have any statutory basis.(Criminal Justice System) The criminal justice investigation starts with a behavioral definition of the criminal act, while criminal case processing has many stages with the involvement of different agencies at each stage. Many offenses come to the knowledge of police only after the crime has been reported, minor crimes, like traffic violations and disorderly conduct, are directly dealt by local law enforcement officers.

Western civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Western civilization - Essay Example The second industrial revolution was characterized with mass production systems to achieve economies of scale to increase profits. While in the first revolution, the people were self employed and worked manually and it was only a little later that mechanization started to be employed. In the first industrial revolution, much of the development depended on the willingness of capitalists to risk financial loss, however in the second revolution, the development was promoted by the government and hence the development depended on several factors including the availability of natural resources, capital, government support, an active middle class, entrepreneurial spirit. Another striking difference is that in the first industrial revolution, the production was dependent on the cottage industries and was more agrarian in nature. In, the second revolution the products were customer oriented and the nature of products was more industrial. Also marketing, innovative business practices and globalization were essential features of this age of expansion. The late nineteenth century saw tremendous growth in professionalism of products. With the economical growth several innovative products and ideas came into existence. The demographic population increased and with it, the need for more resources. The social dispersion was captured in the music of that time which changed to â€Å"reflect the disorientation of traditional standards and values, the contrasts between an extreme collectivism and an equally extreme individualism†. The art captured the emotional isolation of the individual and questioned the values of a modern consumer-oriented society created by the industrialists to reap economies of scale. The people at that time felt fearful and disorientated because of shifts in demographical factors such as emigration and globalization. Economic competition and