Chromatography Food Coloring and Food Dyes Essay Example

Chromatography: Food Coloring and Food Dyes Essay When working in a lab, scientists often need to identify different molecules that are present in a sample they are studying. There are many ways to identify unknown molecules/chemicals in a sample. The method you will be using today is called Paper Chromatography and consists of 2 steps. First, you will separate the unknown chemicals and then you will identify them. This process can also be applied to the food we eat everyday.When you eat food or drink liquids you are trying to get important chemicals to your cells. (chemicals that your cells might use for energy or maybe to build more cells. ) Look at the food label below, though, and you’ll see a list of several chemicals that your cells cannot use. These chemicals may be added to keep the food from spoiling, give the food a flavor or texture that makes it taste better, or add color to the food/drink to make it look more appetizing so you will buy it. Many of the foods and drinks you buy each day would be clear or white with out the addition of food dyes (artificial colorings).Knowing this, we can ask what food dyes are used to make Kool-Aid, for example, look appetizing? Without food dyes, ALL flavors would be clear. In order to identify the food dyes in Kool-Aid, you must first separate them, and you will do this using paper chromatography. II. Materials: †¢ 2 chromatography tubes †¢ 2 strips of chromatography paper †¢ Lemon-lime Kool-Aid solution †¢ 1 pencil †¢ 2 toothpicks †¢ Grape Kool-Aid solution †¢ Solvent (alcohol, salt, water) †¢ ruler III. Procedure: DAY I: Separation of Chemicals 1. Obtain all the supplies you need (at supply table). 2.Cut 2 strips of chromatography paper so that each is about an inch longer than the tubes. 3. Cut one end of each paper strip to form a point (see drawing 1). 4. Draw a straight line across each strip an inch above the bottom of the tip. 5. Label the top of one strip â€Å"GRAPE† the other â€Å"LEMON-LIME. â₠¬  6. Use a toothpick to place a dot of grape Kool-Aid on the center of the line you drew (see drawing 1). Do the same with the lemon-lime Kool-Aid. 7. Poke a toothpick through the opposite end of the strip (see drawing 2). 8. Add a small amount (about 1/2 inch) of solvent to the 2 tubes. 9.Lower each strip into a tube so that the tip of the paper touches the top of the solvent. DO NOT LET THE DOT OF KOOL-AID TOUCH THE SOLVENT DIRECTLY. (see drawing 2). The solvent will begin to move up the strip, dissolve the food dyes, and carry them upwards. 10. Leave the strips in the tubes for 30 minutes. 11. Remove the strips and immediately make a PENCIL mark on each to show where the level of solvent stopped rising. Place the strips on a tray so they can dry overnight. 12. CLEANUP: Pour the solvent back into the solvent beaker. Rinse the tubes out. Return all your supplies to the supply table. DAY II: Identify Unknown Food Dyes 1.There are only 7 different food dyes that have been approved for use in foods and drinks. Table 1 in the data section lists these 7 dyes and some important information that you will need in order to identify the dyes present in 2 flavors of Kool-Aid. 2. Look closely at your chromatography strips. The mixture of food dyes in your sample should now be separated. Because the food dyes have different chemical properties, each will dissolved in the solvent and move up the strip at different rates. How many different food dyes are present in each Kool-Aid flavor? (look closely: sometimes 2 dyes overlap and produce what may look like a 3rd dye).Record the number of dyes present in Table 2. 3. In order to identify the food dyes in each Kool-Aid flavor, you will need 2 pieces of information: the color and Rf value of each dye. First, record the color of each separated dye in Table 2. 4. Now, calculate the Rf value for each separated dye as follows: a. Using a pencil, lightly draw a circle around the darkest area of color for each food dye (ignore the lighter colorâ€Å"tails†). b. Measure the distance (in cm) from the starting point (in the center of the line you drew) to the center of the circle you just drew (see drawing). Record this distance in Table 2. . Measure the distance (in cm) that the solvent moved (from the original line to the mark you made yesterday indicating where the solvent stopped rising see drawing). Record this distance in Table 2. d. To calculate the Rf value, divide the distance the dye moved by the distance the solvent moved. Record this value in Table 2. 5. Using Table 1, identify specifically which dyes are present in grape and lemon-lime Kool-Aid. Record this in Table 2. 6. CLEANUP: Once you have collected all of your data, you may keep or throw away your chromatography strips. Return the rulers to the supply table. IV.Data Observations: Table 1: Colors and Rf values of 7 food dyes COLOR Rf FOOD DYE Blue 0. 8-1. 0 Blue #1 Blue 0. 45-0. 65 Blue #2 Bright pinkish-red 0. 5-0. 65 Red #3 Light red 0. 67-0. 85 Red #40 Yellow 0. 4-0. 7 Yellow #5 Orange 0. 8-0. 9 Yellow #6 Green 0. 65-0. 75 Green #3 Table 2: Food Dye Characteristics obtained from chromatography experiment Color of each Distance each Distance Rf of each Kool-Aid # of Dye Dye Moved Flavor Dyes Solvent Dye (cm) Moved (cm) Name of Dye Grape 1 2 3 1 2 3 LemonLime V. Analysis/Follow-Up Questions: 1. What food dyes were present in grape Kool-Aid? 2. What food dyes were present in lemon-lime Kool-Aid? . Scenario: You have a mixture of 2 food dyes (Red #3 and an unknown). You separate the two dyes using paper chromatography. The Rf value of the unknown dye is 0. 75. Would the unknown dye travel further than the Red #3 dye? Explain you answer. 4. Explain why it is important the mark the solvent level on the chromatography paper when you finished your experiment on Day 1. 5. Find 3 different food or drinks that contain artificial coloring. Read the nutrition label on each and complete Table 3 below. Table 3: Food Dyes Pre sent in Various Food and Drink Samples Name of Food/Drink Brand Name Color Food Dyes Present Chromatography Food Coloring and Food Dyes Essay Example Chromatography: Food Coloring and Food Dyes Essay When working in a lab, scientists often need to identify different molecules that are present in a sample they are studying. There are many ways to identify unknown molecules/chemicals in a sample. The method you will be using today is called Paper Chromatography and consists of 2 steps. First, you will separate the unknown chemicals and then you will identify them. This process can also be applied to the food we eat everyday.When you eat food or drink liquids you are trying to get important chemicals to your cells. (chemicals that your cells might use for energy or maybe to build more cells. ) Look at the food label below, though, and you’ll see a list of several chemicals that your cells cannot use. These chemicals may be added to keep the food from spoiling, give the food a flavor or texture that makes it taste better, or add color to the food/drink to make it look more appetizing so you will buy it. Many of the foods and drinks you buy each day would be clear or white with out the addition of food dyes (artificial colorings).Knowing this, we can ask what food dyes are used to make Kool-Aid, for example, look appetizing? Without food dyes, ALL flavors would be clear. In order to identify the food dyes in Kool-Aid, you must first separate them, and you will do this using paper chromatography. II. Materials: †¢ 2 chromatography tubes †¢ 2 strips of chromatography paper †¢ Lemon-lime Kool-Aid solution †¢ 1 pencil †¢ 2 toothpicks †¢ Grape Kool-Aid solution †¢ Solvent (alcohol, salt, water) †¢ ruler III. Procedure: DAY I: Separation of Chemicals 1. Obtain all the supplies you need (at supply table). 2.Cut 2 strips of chromatography paper so that each is about an inch longer than the tubes. 3. Cut one end of each paper strip to form a point (see drawing 1). 4. Draw a straight line across each strip an inch above the bottom of the tip. 5. Label the top of one strip â€Å"GRAPE† the other â€Å"LEMON-LIME. â₠¬  6. Use a toothpick to place a dot of grape Kool-Aid on the center of the line you drew (see drawing 1). Do the same with the lemon-lime Kool-Aid. 7. Poke a toothpick through the opposite end of the strip (see drawing 2). 8. Add a small amount (about 1/2 inch) of solvent to the 2 tubes. 9.Lower each strip into a tube so that the tip of the paper touches the top of the solvent. DO NOT LET THE DOT OF KOOL-AID TOUCH THE SOLVENT DIRECTLY. (see drawing 2). The solvent will begin to move up the strip, dissolve the food dyes, and carry them upwards. 10. Leave the strips in the tubes for 30 minutes. 11. Remove the strips and immediately make a PENCIL mark on each to show where the level of solvent stopped rising. Place the strips on a tray so they can dry overnight. 12. CLEANUP: Pour the solvent back into the solvent beaker. Rinse the tubes out. Return all your supplies to the supply table. DAY II: Identify Unknown Food Dyes 1.There are only 7 different food dyes that have been approved for use in foods and drinks. Table 1 in the data section lists these 7 dyes and some important information that you will need in order to identify the dyes present in 2 flavors of Kool-Aid. 2. Look closely at your chromatography strips. The mixture of food dyes in your sample should now be separated. Because the food dyes have different chemical properties, each will dissolved in the solvent and move up the strip at different rates. How many different food dyes are present in each Kool-Aid flavor? (look closely: sometimes 2 dyes overlap and produce what may look like a 3rd dye).Record the number of dyes present in Table 2. 3. In order to identify the food dyes in each Kool-Aid flavor, you will need 2 pieces of information: the color and Rf value of each dye. First, record the color of each separated dye in Table 2. 4. Now, calculate the Rf value for each separated dye as follows: a. Using a pencil, lightly draw a circle around the darkest area of color for each food dye (ignore the lighter colorâ€Å"tails†). b. Measure the distance (in cm) from the starting point (in the center of the line you drew) to the center of the circle you just drew (see drawing). Record this distance in Table 2. . Measure the distance (in cm) that the solvent moved (from the original line to the mark you made yesterday indicating where the solvent stopped rising see drawing). Record this distance in Table 2. d. To calculate the Rf value, divide the distance the dye moved by the distance the solvent moved. Record this value in Table 2. 5. Using Table 1, identify specifically which dyes are present in grape and lemon-lime Kool-Aid. Record this in Table 2. 6. CLEANUP: Once you have collected all of your data, you may keep or throw away your chromatography strips. Return the rulers to the supply table. IV.Data Observations: Table 1: Colors and Rf values of 7 food dyes COLOR Rf FOOD DYE Blue 0. 8-1. 0 Blue #1 Blue 0. 45-0. 65 Blue #2 Bright pinkish-red 0. 5-0. 65 Red #3 Light red 0. 67-0. 85 Red #40 Yellow 0. 4-0. 7 Yellow #5 Orange 0. 8-0. 9 Yellow #6 Green 0. 65-0. 75 Green #3 Table 2: Food Dye Characteristics obtained from chromatography experiment Color of each Distance each Distance Rf of each Kool-Aid # of Dye Dye Moved Flavor Dyes Solvent Dye (cm) Moved (cm) Name of Dye Grape 1 2 3 1 2 3 LemonLime V. Analysis/Follow-Up Questions: 1. What food dyes were present in grape Kool-Aid? 2. What food dyes were present in lemon-lime Kool-Aid? . Scenario: You have a mixture of 2 food dyes (Red #3 and an unknown). You separate the two dyes using paper chromatography. The Rf value of the unknown dye is 0. 75. Would the unknown dye travel further than the Red #3 dye? Explain you answer. 4. Explain why it is important the mark the solvent level on the chromatography paper when you finished your experiment on Day 1. 5. Find 3 different food or drinks that contain artificial coloring. Read the nutrition label on each and complete Table 3 below. Table 3: Food Dyes Pre sent in Various Food and Drink Samples Name of Food/Drink Brand Name Color Food Dyes Present

The House On Mango Street essays

The House On Mango Street essays The main characters name is Esperanza. She is only about thirteen and is telling the story of her life on Mango Street. Esperanza is definitely a dynamic character. In the beginning of the story she does not like their new house on Mango Street or its surrounding. But as the story progresses she learns to be more grateful for what she has. In one short story of her experiences, she describes how she had to walk home everyday for lunch and how she wished she could eat in the canteen with the other kids. She goes home after school and begs her mom to pack her a lunch and write a note so she can eat with the other kids. After eating in the canteen with her packed lunch she realizes its not all its cracked up to be and continues to eat at home with her family. The story is written as a child would think. Esperanza describes things in a way unlike the way you or I would. In one part of the story Esperanza describes a woman with pink shoes as soft as a rabbits ear and green perfume. It may sound a little awkward to us but in her mind it makes sense. This kind of writing interests me because it is almost like solving a puzzle. While reading I had think simple and try not to make what she said too complex. One conflict presented in this book was when Esperanza and her two friends got three pairs of high heels and wore them around town. Their parents said not to wear the shoes because all they would do is cause trouble. But, they wore them anyway. While walking down the street a bum asks her friend Rachel to come closer. She does and then the bum tells her she is very beautiful and asks if he can have a kiss for a dollar. The girls are frightened and run away. And no matter how much each of the girls loved their shoes they all decided to never wear them again. The major theme of this novel is growing up. Basically the book is about the memori ...

Identify and compare different business and management practices Essay

Identify and compare different business and management practices between US, European and Asian firms - Essay Example This essay is organized as follows. Section 2 gives an overall comparison of management and business practice performance of firms across various countries in terms of different dimensions. Section 3 identifies and compares the differences in management and business practice performance of US, European and Asian firms in terms of their organization structure. Section 4 identifies and compares the differences in management and business practice performance of US ,European and Asian firms in terms of their decision making process. Section 5 identifies and compares the differences in management and business practice performance of US, European and Asian firms in terms of their equity (ownership) structure. Section 6 concludes the essay. Bloom and Reenen(2010) measured the differences in the management and business practices across firms and countries and observed the following patterns. The firms with better performance were having better management practices. The study showed only very few badly managed firms in US while large number of Brazilin and Indian firms in that category. Different countries perform better in different dimensions of management like US firms performing better in incentive terms while Swedish firms perform well in monitoring terms as shown b y the study. The study showed multinationals being well managed in all country while the government firms badly managed than private equity firms or firms with publicly quoted share prices. In addition to these, the study showed firms with more human capital performing well than others. Moreover the family owned firms with the family member as CEO were seen to be managed badly in this study. Based on an interview with managers from different countries on 18 management practices scores were given from 1 to 5 for each firm in the study. The three dimensions of management practices were measured in this regard namely monitoring, incentives and targets for almost 6000

Gay Marriage and American Family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gay Marriage and American Family - Essay Example American manhood was symbolized as marketplace manhood with no time for family but engaged in business outside the home, he was restless, agitated, with power over other gender. (Kimmel 135). Homophobia is believed to be a byproduct of fear, the great secret of American manhood is [they] are afraid of other men, specifically to be identified as gays or be humiliated according to Kimmel (136). Homosexuality is considered by most Psychologists as mental disorder and therefore must be treated well. It has been part of the history since the early civilization but emerged lately after freedom was embraced by America in early 20th century. The emerging democracy in the late American period of economic development, many uprising had occurred that led to what America is now. The first would be the Feminist Group and later the Gay Movement. Accordingly, these movements have existed out of male dominance in the society, since American people yearn for freedom and liberty from bondage of inequality. Historically, homosexuality had been mentioned in the earliest community of Sodom and Gomorrah of the Bible; as the story goes, in that particular chapter of Genesis, an angel in the guise of men appeared to Lot, when the people learned about them, they wanted to have sex with these angelic men both young and old. Gay marriage is an issue of civic rights or human rights; the people of America have split opinion about same sex marriage. In one Human Rights Campaign sponsored symposium, Democratic candidates have aired opposing decision about the matter, among the seven attendees, only two were pro-same sex marriage. For them, it is a political issue about giving equal benefit to same-sex partners (Common Dreams). Even President George Bush is against same sex marriage. In the latest report in America according to New York Times, "only 56% of Americans are married today and, even more suprising, only 26% of all households are the traditional married-couple with children homes" (Parella). The number of gay-lesbian population is not increasing, the one increasing is the acceptance of the public of this arrangement (Parella). The most alarming in the American family is that those people who are in traditional marriage are in deep trouble like that of Brittany Spears, many of them collapse and leave tremendous effect on children and society. In Biblical point of view, marriage is sacred and consummate only within man and woman. It is God-instituted union of man and woman in order to build a family where God-fearing children will raise. Ted Mackin emphasized that for Christian man and woman "marriage is a sacrament" (as cited by Parella), within the union, "they find habitual attitude and conduct evidence of the presence of God." It is sharing of love within God's consent. Aside from that, marriage is union designed by God to nurture responsibility and in order to build a community of people based on the concept of procreation as commanded by God in the Bible. As what Parella had stated, "Marriage is an unconditional, life-long commitment between two persons who promise to share all of life and love, home and hearth, body and soul; marriage necessarily involves both the fullest of communication, the deepest of understanding, and the strongest of personal loyalty and trust between two people." It means that only death can part ways what has united in marriage; it is sharing unconditionally one's life with his partner. Marriage

Wearable and performance technology is surging to fashion industry Essay

Wearable and performance technology is surging to fashion industry - Essay Example Products that are both wearable and smart gadgets are used to monitor the emotions and the activity of the user (Gaimster, 2012, 170). The second is the medical and health care category. In this category, the devices require the approval of the FDA or an equivalent body, relative to the country in which the products are on sale. These devices assist in monitoring the user’s vital signs as well as the augmentation of the wearer’s senses (Editorialist, n.d., n.p.). The third is the military and industrial category. In this category, the performance and wearable technology has the ability to transmit and receive real-time data in both industrial and military environments. The fourth category is infotainment. Products under this category have the ability to transmit and receive real-time information for purposes of entertainment as well as espouse the enhancement of the wearer’s lifestyle (SportTechie, n.d., n.p.). To find out more on the employment of technology in fashion, the researcher shall undertake a primary research through use of questionnaires. These questionnaires will contain structured questions that will enable the respondent to provide their opinion on the effects of performance and wearable technology on different sectors in the economy, including the fashion industry. The respondents will be selected from the fashion industry to enable the researcher to acquire relevant information concerning the effects of technology in fashion. The questionnaire to be used for the primary research is attached to this document. Performance and wearable technology has contributed considerably to the development of fitness and wellness, especially through the devices that assist in monitoring an individual’s physical development (Scaturro, 2008, 471). The demand for Performance and wearable technology products in this category comes from professional athletes, managers of corporate wellness programs as well as consumers of recreational fitness.

Partitioning Of Barbiturates Overview

Partitioning Of Barbiturates Overview Phenobarbitone is an antiepileptic drug which is used to treat epilepsy. Absorbance values at different concentration of phenobarbitone can be used to plot a calibration graph which in turns can be used to find the concentration of phenobarbitone in organic phase at different pH by using the gradient of the graph. From there, the concentration of phenobarbitone in aqueous phase can be determined and hence can find the partition coefficient (P). Ptrue of phenobarbitone can be determined with the presence of the value of Papp and fu of phenobarbitone (acid). % ionization of phenobarbitone at different pH can also be calculated by knowing its pKa and this in turns can be used to determine the lipophilicity of phenobarbitone. % extraction of phenobarbitone will also determine how well does phenobarbitone passes through the organic phase (biological membrane in the body) at different pH. Phenobarbitone is a barbiturate used in the treatment of epilepsy. It helps to reduce seizure frequency and severity and may even stop seizures altogether. [1] Phenobarbital works by acting on GABA receptors that in turn increase synaptic inhibition. This then increases the seizure threshold, hence reducing the number of seizures occurring. [2)] Phenobarbitone is the longest acting barbiturate. It is an acidic crystalline structure which has pka value 7.4, hence it is significantly ionised at ph values over 6. Lowering the pH of the solution reduces ionisation. [4] According to Phenobarbitone structure, it has 2 hydrogen bond donors and 3 hydrogen bond receptors and the solubility of Phenobarbitone in water is 1g in 1000mL (0.1% w/v). It has low lipid solubility compared with other barbiturate. Thus it has slow onset action and longer half life. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of ionisation of phenobarbitone by measuring the amount that was extracted into n-octanol from the aqueous phases of different pH values. The results collected were then used to find the concentration of the drug at equilibrium and since the pKa of the drug and the pH of the solution are known, the true partition co-efficient for phenobarbtione can be calculated. [3] Partition coefficient (P) is the ratio of concentration of drug in n-octanol phase divided by concentration of drug in aqueous phase. A high partition co-efficient implies that the drug is highly lipophilic. [5] The method used in this experiment is the shake-flask method (the most accurate measurement method). The drug, in this case phenobarbitone, is allowed to equilibrate between the NaOH solution and the n-octanol and then the concentration in both layers are been determined. [5] Since the total amount of barbiturate present in the 0.5M NaOH (which is extracted from the octanol) is known, and the UV analysis gives the amount of phenobarbitone in the octanol layer at equilibrium, we can calculate the weight left in the aqueous phase and hence the concentration of drug in each phase at equilibrium. pKa is important to determine the true partition coefficient for the barbiturate. The disadvantage for shake-flask is that it is only apply to the unionised drug which most drugs are acids or bases and are ionised in biological systems. Experimental 0.02% w/v phenobarbitone in water was been provided as the stock solution. Using the stock solution, 50Â µg mL-1 solution in 0.5M NaOH [Solution A] and a 50Â µg mL-1 solution in water [Solution B] were been prepared. (a) Calibration Standards A range of calibration standards each containing 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 Â µg mL-1 of the phenobarbitone in 0.5M NaOH were prepared using Solution A. The wavelength of maximum absorbance (ÃŽ »max) at about 254nm was then determined using the 30 Â µg mL-1 standard. The absorbance of each standard at the ÃŽ »max was read using 0.5M NaOH as the blank. A calibration curve of absorbance versus concentration for the phenobarbiturate was then constructed using the absorbance readings obtained. (b) Partitioning Samples Six partitioning funnels were filled as the following: i) 10mL Solution B, 10mL 0.1M HCl, and 20mL n-octanol ii) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 6.6 buffer, and 20mL n-octanol iii) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 7.0 buffer, and 20mL n-octanol iv) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 7.4 buffer, and 20mL n-octanol v) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 8.0 buffer, and 20mL n-octanol vi) 10mL Solution B, 10mL pH 9.0 buffer, and 20mL n-octanol The funnels were shaken at frequent intervals for 30 minutes to allow the layers to separate fully. The organic layer was then been carefully ran off into a second separating funnel. 20mL of 0.5M NaOH was then added to the octanol and shaken for 5 minutes, allowing the layers to separate. The absorbance of the aqueous (bottom) layer was then measured by using the ÃŽ »max determined previously in (a). The concentration of the phenobarbitone in the 0.5M NaOH was calculated using the calibration curve. Discussion In partition chromatography, molecules move from one phase to another via passive diffusion, i.e. the movement of molecules from an area of high to low concentration area without any facilitating factor. However, charged molecules are unable to move down the concentration gradient via this route. Partition chromatography of phenobarbitone mimics the movement of phenobarbitone across the biological membrane, i.e. the movement of phenobarbitone from aqueous phase, 50Â µg mL-1 phenobarbitone in water, to organic phase, octanol. Its chemical structure shows that there is a long hydrocarbon chain attached to the ring structure which contributes to its lipophilicity. The more lipophilic the drug, the more efficiently it is absorbed into the organic phase. Glass separating funnels were used to avoid absorption of lipophilic drug into the container. 30 minutes after the layers are left to separate fully, the aqueous layer is carefully ran off, leaving the organic layer in the separating funnel. 20mL of 0.5M sodium hydroxide, NaOH is then added to the organic layer to separate the mixture into two immiscible layers again. This is possible because phenobarbitone is a weak acid, it reacts with the newly added base, NaOH to form aqueous phase. The concentration of phenobarbitone in the aqueous phase is then determined using a UV spectrophotometer. From Table 1.6, at pH 1.1, the weight of phenobarbitone in organic phase is highest, 4.392 X 10-4 g; whereas at pH 9.0, the weight of phenobarbitone in organic phase marked its lowest at 2.800 X 10-4 g. This proves that the drug is most lipophilic at low pH as it is a weak acid and is unionised at low pH, therefore more able to cross into the octanol layer. Meanwhile, at pH 9.0, most of the drug is retained in the aqueous phase in its ionised form and hence unable to cross into the octanol phase as it cannot be passively diffused. As shown in Table 1.7 and Graph 2.0, the higher the pH, more of the drug present is ionised and vice versa. Starting from pH 1.1, the percentage of phenobarbitone ionised in the aqueous phase increased slowly up to pH 6.6, followed by a steep increase from pH 6.6 to pH 8.0, and further increase less steeply from pH 8.0 to pH 9.0. As for Graph 2.0, a slow decrease is observed from pH 1.1 to pH 7.0, a steep decrease from pH 7.0 to pH 7.4, followed by a gradual decrease from pH 7.4 to pH 9.0. Partition coefficient, P is the ratio of a drugs concentration in the octanol phase to its concentration in the aqueous phase at equilibrium with each other. A high P value hence denotes a high drug concentration in organic phase. From the results, a high P obtained at low pH proves that phenobarbitone is a highly lipophilic drug, capable of crossing lipophilic membranes in the body. From the results section, Ptrue value at pH 1.1 is 7.74, whereas the literature value is 1.4. The comparison is made at pH 1.1 because phenobarbitone is present in its unionised form at low pH. However, the Ptrue value is much higher than the literature value. This could be due to errors that occurred during the experiment, e.g. parallax error while pipetting the stock solution, and accidentally ran off some of the organic phase while running off the aqueous phase, causing undetermined potential weight loss of phenobarbitone in the organic phase. It could also be due to insufficient time allowed for phenobarbitone to diffuse from the aqueous phase into the organic phase. Studies revealed that the peak plasma concentration is reached 0.5 to 4 hours following an oral administration; partition chromatography mimics the diffusion of drug across biological membrane, therefore requires at least 30 minutes to reach peak plasma concentration of phenobarbitone in the organic phase. However, in the experiment, the partition was stopped at 30 minutes, not allowing more time for the mixture to separate fully. As octanol was added into the separating funnels at different times, they could not be stopped at the same time. The aqueous (bottom) layers were then run off starting from the funnel where octanol was added the earliest to the latest. The time taken to run off the aqueous phase varies as the volume of aqueous phase varies from funnel to funnel, which may have resulted in different times for each funnel to separate and hence more complete separation in the later mixtures. The lipophilicity of phenobarbitone contributes to its absorption into the octanol phase. Likewise, it is readily absorbed across biological membranes in the body, e.g. stomach wall, cell membrane and blood-brain barrier. Phenobarbitone is administered orally; it is rapidly and fully bioavailable after oral administration as phenobarbitone is unionised in acidic environment. At pH 1.1, 87.84% of phenobarbitone was extracted into the organic phase. This signifies that 87.84% of phenobarbitone is able to cross the stomach wall into the systemic circulation. The absorption is expected to decrease with the increase of pH value down the gastrointestinal tract; the unionised fraction is smaller in the small intestine but has longer intraluminal dwell time and hence increasing absorption. Being lipophilic, phenobarbitone crosses biological membranes readily, more preferably at low pH environment, into the bloodstream and around the body via systemic circulation and then distributed throughout the interstitial fluid. However, about 50% of the drug is bound to plasma protein, therefore neither able to travel across the blood-brain barrier into the cerebrospinal fluid nor is it able to be metabolised by the liver. From Table 1.8, at pH 7.4, 70.72% of phenobarbitone was extracted into the octanol layer. Assuming 50% is protein-bound; it can then be assumed that only about 35.36% of phenobarbitone would reach the brain at physiological pH 7.4. Elimination is a mechanism the body utilises to rid drug, xenobiotics and waste products from the body and plasma, mainly by the kidney and the liver. The normal pH of urine ranges from pH 4.5 to pH 7.5. Phenobarbitone being lipophilic and protein-binding has a slow elimination; its lipophilicity prevents it from being filtered by the glomerulus, unless metabolised in the liver into a less lipophilic metabolite. However, 25% of phenobarbitone is still excreted in its unionised form via passive tubular secretion. This route of excretion is exaggerated when urine is alkaline or when the urine volume is increased, i.e. via forced diuresis. Conclusion As phenobarbitone is used in treatment of epilepsy, it needs to possess the characteristics and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier into the motor cortex to exert its depressant effect. From the partition chromatography carried out, it is evident that phenobarbitone is readily absorbed into the body across biological membranes due to phenobarbitones lipophilic nature. It is also widely distributed in the body fluid, including the cerebrospinal fluid where it can act on the motor cortex. As for elimination, approximately 75% of the drug is metabolised by the liver before being excreted, but 25% is excreted as unionised molecules by passive tubular secretion in the kidneys. In conclusion, phenobarbitone has a relatively fast onset of action, hence it is deemed suitable to be administered via the oral route for the treatment of epilepsy.

The Heightening of Airport Security after September 11th Essay

The Heightening of Airport Security after September 11th Extraordinary challenges require extraordinary measures. The terrorist attacks on America on September 11, 2001 required that we reform our nation’s aviation security system in fundamental ways. Three years after the Sept. 11 tragedies, how far has airport and airlines come? It depends on the source. While it is important for airports to heighten security after the attacks of 9/11, the policies of profiling passengers are inadequate and a necessitate revision. The most visible changes to boost airport securities may be on the airplanes themselves. Many planes have installed bulletproof, locked cockpit doors to secure the pilot and crew from the rest of the plane. Increased securities at airports have come along more slowly. The Transportation Security Administration has been unable to fully staff airports with federal screeners, have delayed mandatory baggage screening deadlines multiple times, and have overrun a $350 million budget (TSA). The only way that airlines will be able to recover from the massive economic setbacks they have suffered as a result of the attack is to make an attempt to combine customer service and security. Most of the American public that has flown since 9/11 has been willing to put up with delays, personal searches, and increased security procedures (Young). New airport security measures have added unnecessary inconveniences and hassles. Airport security screeners need to carefully...

A Walk to Remember by Nicholas Sparks

Life has always been filled with different challenges. Sometimes, these challenges were enough to change the way we deal with life in general. There were people who get disappointed and depressed, making their lives more miserable.And there were others, who despite of their hardships and challenges, manage to live them most of their lives striving to be the best person they can be.The novel, â€Å"A Walk to Remember†, tells the story of a seventeen year-old teenager, Landon Carter. He was one of the popular students, armed with charm and good looks, and adored by many. He lived his life by playing pranks on others, bullying them and taking people for granted. He was aimless, and was contented with the kind of life his parents could provide him with. Everything changed when he met Jamie Sullivan.Jamie was the daughter of a Baptist minister in Beaufort. She was the complete opposite of Landon. People often had a notion that Jamie was weird, for she was always quiet , holding a B ible wherever she went. Her father was strict, and never allowed her to mingle much with the people around her. Unknown to many, Jamie had cancer.The time came when Jamie and Landon had to work together in the annual Christmas play written by Jamie's father, Hegbert Sullivan. At first, both were uncomfortable working together, primarily because they had different views in life. Jamie's life was simple, and filled with dreams she wished she could accomplish someday. Landon, on the other hand, was just contented with the kind of life that he had, and aimless in life.The two were always together, making them learn more about life. Their differences have somehow bridged the gap that was placed long before they had the chance to exchange ideas. Soon after, they were in love.Landon was left in awe upon learning that Jamie was dying of Leukemia. He was desolated at first, but faced the life changing trial by fulfilling Jamie's wish list. He made Jamie feel loved and special, making her hap py all the time.In the end, Landon and Jamie were married in the church where Jamie's deceased mother was married. Jamie was initially on a wheel chair, for she was very weak. She stood up and walked towards the altar to meet Landon, and his father Hegbert, who was to officiate the wedding.The story of the novel was astounding. It made viewers feel that regardless of life's challenges, one can still find that blissful ending. The novel also showed us that regardless of our statures in life, love will prevail. In Landon and Jamie's case, both were from the opposite ends of the social strata.Landon was part of the popular kids, who played pranks on others for fun, aimless, and cared less for their education. Jamie, on the other hand,   was branded to be one of those who cared much for her academics, career driven, and timid towards others.I particular admire the part wherein Jamie told Landon not to fall in love with her. It was an awkward statement to be given by Jamie, knowing her status in school. Landon, on the other hand, took it effortlessly, knowing that he would not fall in love with a girl like Jamie. He was surprised in the end, knowing that he had done the things that he did not normally do in life. Jamie was an influential force in Landon's sudden maturity.The story itself had a typical story set for a novel-†the boy meets girl then falls in love, despising the belief of others† type. But the novel goes further than that.   With the simple plot, the author was able to incorporate to the novel the magic and lessons in life that may be learned by teenagers. He was able to take into consideration the differences in perceptions, and how people, from all walks of life can come together for one purpose.In this case, those who used to despise Jamie helped give her the best summer she can have in her lifetime. They made her feel that regardless of her illness, she can still fulfill her dreams. At the same time, she was able to live her life l ike a normal teenager, not being given the special treatment given to dying patients.

Symbolises innocence Essay Example

Symbolises innocence Essay Example Symbolises innocence Essay Symbolises innocence Essay Write about the use Blake makes of childrens voices in at least two other poems.  I am using the innocence poems The Lamb and Infant Joy in order to compare the way Blake uses childrens voices with the experienced poem Infant Sorrow  The Lamb is written like a religious hymn and is narrated by a small child. The Little Lamb in the poem symbolises Jesus. The structure of The Lamb is two simple stanzas each of ten lines. The first half of the poem represents the child talking to The Lamb the second half shows the Lamb replying to the small child. The first half of the poem also acts as a chorus, like in a religious hymn, the simple structure reflects the simplicity of the poem and the child. Infant Joy shows the joys of a child being born and the choosing of names. The poem is narrated by a two day old baby throughout. The poem shows the celebration of child birth and a child. The structure of Infant Joy is two simple stanzas, each of six lines, the structure if simple like the baby, this symbolises innocence.  Infant Sorrow is the partner poem of Infant Joy ad is the complete opposite of it. It shows the pain and upset caused by child birth and shows the loneliness of the newborn baby. The structure of Infant Sorrow is two stanzas, each of four lines, which appears quite simple and innocence like however the lines are much longer than in Infant Joy. The poem is narrated by a new born baby. The three poems I have chosen have a lot of similarities, they are all narrated by children or babies but Blake changes his style of writing in each case. In Infant Joy the baby is but two days old, the baby appears happy and content as it is an innocence poem, throughout the poem the baby talks of its joy of being born. In The Lamb the small child is talking to Jesus, represented by The Lamb. The child asks questions of creation and then replies to itself. The Lamb is different to Infant Joy as the child is playing both parts, the lamb and the child therefore asking and answering its own questions where as in Infant Joy there is only one character, the baby, and therefore we only feel its emotions, the mother and father are not involved in the poem. Whereas in Infant Sorrow the mother and father play a main part, the baby talks of the upset and moaning of his mother and father shortly and it is born and shows how it is feeling lonely and controlled. Blake here is obviously creating a different child for each poem, and each child obviously has its own voice and opinions. Possibly, the babies in Infant Joy and Infant Sorrow are the same baby but Blake has given them different situations to live and cope in. Blake uses different language also in each of the poems, in The Lamb Blake uses archaic language to symbolise the relationship between the child, God and Jesus, Dost thou know who made thee, whereas in Infant Joy Blake uses innocent, positive words to symbolise that the baby is happy with its birth and excited at the fact that it will soon be named. Infant Sorrow is in complete contrast with the two other poems; Blake uses negative, experienced words of corruption and hatred to portray the emotions that the baby is feeling.

32 Famous Basketball Quotes

32 Famous Basketball Quotes Some say it is just another ball game. However, basketball enthusiasts swear that the game is the purpose of life. While both views are extreme, you cannot help being intrigued by the genuine fanaticism of the fans. Read these famous basketball quotes. Maybe, in these famous basketball quotes, you will find the purpose of life. You can read inspirational basketball quotes to take you forward in the game of life. Jason Kidd A lot of late nights in the gym, a lot of early mornings, especially when your friends are going out, youre going to the gym, those are the sacrifices that you have to make if you want to be an NBA basketball player. Magic Johnson Ask not what your teammates can do for you. Ask what you can do for your teammates. Elgin Baylor Coaching is easy. Winning is the hard part. Michael Jordan Even when Im old and grey, I wont be able to play it, but Ill still love the game. Obstacles dont have to stop you. If you run into a wall, dont turn around and give up. Figure out how to climb it, go through it, or work around it. Some people want it to happen, some wish it would happen, others make it happen. Talent wins games, but teamwork and intelligence wins championships. The game is my wife. It demands loyalty and responsibility, and it gives me back fulfillment and peace. Ive missed more than 9000 shots in my career. Ive lost almost 300 games. Twenty six times, Ive been trusted to take the game winning shot and missed. Ive failed over and over and over again in my life. And that is why I succeed. I would tell players to relax and never think about whats at stake. Just think about the basketball game. If you start to think about who is going to win the championship, youve lost your focus. Wilt Chamberlain Everybody pulls for David, nobody roots for Goliath. Kobe Bryant Everything negative pressure, challenges are all an opportunity for me to rise. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar Great players are willing to give up their own personal achievement for the achievement of the group. It enhances everybody. I can accept failure, but I cant accept not trying. I think someone should explain to the child that its ok to make mistakes. Thats how we learn. When we compete, we make mistakes. Ive had enough success for two lifetimes, my success is talent put together with hard work and luck. Dennis Rodman I couldnt care less if the guy Im guarding has HIV. Im going to slam him anyway. Julius Erving I think that my God-given physical attributes, big hands, and big feet, the way that Im built, proportion-wise, just made basketball the most inviting sport for me to play. If you dont do whats best for your body, youre the one who comes up on the short end. Larry Bird Once you are labeled the best you want to stay up there, and you cant do it by loafing around. If I dont keep changing, Im history. Push yourself again and again. Dont give an inch until the final buzzer sounds. Ive got a theory that if you give 100 percent all of the time, somehow things will work out in the end. Leadership is diving for a loose ball, getting the crowd involved, getting other players involved. Its being able to take it as well as dish it out. Thats the only way youre going to get respect from the players. James Naismith The invention of basketball was not an accident. It was developed to meet a need. Those boys simply would not play Drop the Handkerchief. Jerry West You cant get much done in life if you only work on the days when you feel good. Charles Barkley If you are afraid of failure you dont deserve to be successful! Elgin Baylor If you look up the definition of greatness in the dictionary, it will say Michael Jordan. Isiah Thomas If you want consistency, then you perform. This is a performance job. You get paid to perform. Your money is guaranteed, but your minutes are not. My greatest gift that I have in life is basketball. Pete Maravich Love never fails. Character never quits. And with patience and persistence, dreams do come true. Shaquille ONeal Me shooting 40% at the foul line is just Gods way to say nobodys perfect. Kevin Johnson No matter what you say, you can have as many receivers as you want; there are enough balls to go around.

The Structure Of Criminal Justice System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Structure Of Criminal Justice System - Essay Example Trial courts and police departments are organized at a city as well as country levels. The statewide system has many variations, which are determined by factors like overcrowding of local jails, court congestions, problems of justice administration and differing types of crime. US Congress, FBI, Secret Service are major parts of the federal system along with defense and public attorneys, the Federal Sentencing System and US Bureau of prisons. Dealing with crimes that involve laws of immigration and income tax also come under this domain. (Criminal Justice System) This relates to the goals, values and specific procedures of applicable criminal laws. While state legislative bodies have powers to enact statutes to deal with various offenses, local legislative bodies have the power to enact ordinances creating minor offenses. However, many criminal statutes are general in nature and can be interpreted by courts at various levels. In addition, certain defenses like a defense of property, self-defense, duress, and insanity do not have any statutory basis.(Criminal Justice System) The criminal justice investigation starts with a behavioral definition of the criminal act, while criminal case processing has many stages with the involvement of different agencies at each stage. Many offenses come to the knowledge of police only after the crime has been reported, minor crimes, like traffic violations and disorderly conduct, are directly dealt by local law enforcement officers.

Western civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Western civilization - Essay Example The second industrial revolution was characterized with mass production systems to achieve economies of scale to increase profits. While in the first revolution, the people were self employed and worked manually and it was only a little later that mechanization started to be employed. In the first industrial revolution, much of the development depended on the willingness of capitalists to risk financial loss, however in the second revolution, the development was promoted by the government and hence the development depended on several factors including the availability of natural resources, capital, government support, an active middle class, entrepreneurial spirit. Another striking difference is that in the first industrial revolution, the production was dependent on the cottage industries and was more agrarian in nature. In, the second revolution the products were customer oriented and the nature of products was more industrial. Also marketing, innovative business practices and globalization were essential features of this age of expansion. The late nineteenth century saw tremendous growth in professionalism of products. With the economical growth several innovative products and ideas came into existence. The demographic population increased and with it, the need for more resources. The social dispersion was captured in the music of that time which changed to â€Å"reflect the disorientation of traditional standards and values, the contrasts between an extreme collectivism and an equally extreme individualism†. The art captured the emotional isolation of the individual and questioned the values of a modern consumer-oriented society created by the industrialists to reap economies of scale. The people at that time felt fearful and disorientated because of shifts in demographical factors such as emigration and globalization. Economic competition and